Arbitraż w posttotalitarnych czasach PRL — uwagi wybrane na tle zakresu podmiotowego dopuszczalności arbitrażu (dawny art. 697 § 3 i 4 k.p.c.)

This elaboration is an attempt to introduce an interpretation of former Art. 697 § 3 and 4 of the Civil Procedure Code regarding admissibility of concluding agreements for submitting disputes to an arbitration court by social economy entities. The analyzed provisions provided relevant limitations of the objective scope of admissibility of arbitration regarding said social economy entities – both in domestic and international transactions. It involved especially with the establishment of the State Economic Arbitral Institution. The solutions adopted by the legislator were undoubtedly the result of applying the principles of the socio-economic regime of the post-totalitarian Polish People’s Republic.

Strategic Alliance and Acquisition Performance: Impact of Interfirm Synergies and Motives in the Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry

This study draws on transaction cost, resource dependence, and organizational learning theories to posit relationships between transaction performance and transaction structure (alliances versus acquisitions), interfirm synergies, and motives. The study involves analysis of 66 international and intra­national alliances and acquisitions that were undertaken in the pharmaceutical industry. An initial survey was administered to firms involved in these transactions to gather information regarding motives, transaction structure, and interorganizational synergies. A second survey was administered two years after the transaction to gather information on transaction performance. Findings support the importance of transaction structure and strategic synergies between firms. Specifically, transaction structure and high levels of strategic fit between the firms had a positive impact on performance. There is also some evidence that synergies must be linked to the motives driving the transaction. The study yields meaningful results regarding factors leading to success of transactions (alliances and acquisitions) in a longitudinal study of intranational and international transactions in the biopharmaceutical industry.

Trade Finance and Payment Methods in International Trade

International transactions are riskier than domestic transactions for several reasons, including, but not limited to, geographical distance, longer shipping times, greater informational frictions, contract enforcement, and dispute resolution problems. Such risks stem, fundamentally, from a timing mismatch between payment and delivery in business transactions. Trade finance plays a critical role in bridging the gap, thereby overcoming greater risks inherent in international trade. It is thus even described as the lifeline of international trade, because more than 90% of international transactions involve some form of credit, insurance, or guarantee. Despite its importance in international trade, however, it was not until the great trade collapse in 2008–2009 that trade finance came to the attention of academic researchers. An emerging literature on trade finance has contributed to providing answers to questions such as: Who is responsible for financing transactions, and, hence, who would need liquidity support most to sustain international trade? This is particularly relevant in developing countries, where the lack of trade finance is often identified as the main hindrance to trade, and in times of financial crisis, when the overall drying up of trade finance could lead to a global collapse in trade.

Economic effects of defense industry projects

Subject. This paper discusses the assessment of economic effects of project implementation in the defense industry. Objectives. We investigate economic effects in the defense industry from the bottom, i.e. we calculate methods for analyzing specific project in specific conditions. Methods. The study rests on the rules for licensed trade, tax and accounting practices. Results. We offer tables to assess the effect of job creation, license and tax payments in international transactions. Conclusions. The economic effect of defense projects is very ambiguous, as it depends on the country, the existence of the national defense industry, and indicators in question. Given the high interest to defense technologies in the military technology recipient country, it is possible to remove technology transfer transactions from the general regulation, and create special conditions for projects implementation.

THE NATURE OF COMPETITION IN US-EUROPEAN RELATIONS AND ITS DETERMINANTS

Competition is among the pivotal features and it considered as one of he international interaction movement. Generally, relationships between all countries, such as relations between individuals, no matter how close and cooperative they face, are not without manifestations of competition and conflict that may take a peaceful structure, and even take the method of violence that sometimes reaches the degree of physical confrontation. Since the end of the Cold War, international competition has become an inevitable phenomenon that characterizes international relations due to the absence of an ideological counterfactual, and as a result of many of these forces owe the same ideology as the strongest powers on the international scene. It can be noticed that they are competing forces rather than conflicting forces. Characterized by the rules of management of international relationships between these most powerful features is competition feature , not the conflict. Accordingly, the phenomenon of international competition is an aspect of international dealings. In addition it is a dominant characteristic of most international transactions between several states, especially when it comes to the economic aspect, as the conflict of interests between states necessitates the supremacy of competition in international relations. The US-European relations are stated as other manifestations of interaction between countries and do not differ too much from other international relationships, as they have cases of competition despite the manifestations of cooperation and understanding between them in many life aspects towards various international issues, but the competition between them has its nature and specifics. This topic aims to identify the nature of competition in relations between the United States of America and the European Union countries in several vital regions of the world, most notably the Middle East and the African continent. Keywords: International Competition, International Relations, International Conflict, The Middle East.

Analysis on the Promotion Effect of Logistics Industry Development on China Tobacco Foreign Trade

Objectives: The international logistics market is very broad and the system is also very large and complex. It depends on international information science and technology, and has high requirements for standardization. International logistics can realize trade between countries. Its development puts forward higher requirements, higher standards and higher development for international transactions, This paper focuses on the impact of the development of the logistics industry on China tobacco foreign trade in order to promote the development of international logistics and provide practical significance for the globalization of China tobacco foreign trade. In the research, the methods of literature review and case analysis are used to analyze theimpact of the international logistics industry on China tobacco foreign trade. The results show that international logistics is conducive to the adjustment of China tobacco foreign trade demand and supply, mobilizing the international consumption flow, improving the national GDP, and allowing the economic cooperation of various countries to make each country together and interdependent. Therefore, the research on international logistics is conducive to international cooperation and exchange.By studying the development of the logistics industry, this paper analyzes the promotion of China tobacco industry foreign trade, improves the impact of the global tobacco industry on China tobacco trade deficit, and provides practical significance for the globalization of China tobacco trade.

Evaluation of the State’s Openness to International Real Estate Transactions

The aim of the Doctoral Thesis is to evaluate openness of the State to international real estate transactions, to establish criteria according to which it can be detected, and consequently to elaborate the methodological solution by which the openness to international transactions in real estate can be periodically determined. The introduction of the Doctoral Thesis describes the topicality of the chosen subject, puts forth a research hypothesis, defines tasks for the achievement of the objective, object and subject of the research, provides a methodological basis of the research, specifies the period of research and work limitations, describes theoretical significance and scientific novelty as well as research result approbation and practical application. Chapter 1 of the Thesis elaborates on the issue of international real estate transactions and identification of major issues of foreigners’ land ownership rights. Chapter 2 is devoted to establishing a rationale behind the limitations of international real estate transactions and theoretical aspects of principles applied when evaluating the openness of the State to international real estate transactions. Chapter 3 characterises the methodological solution for the evaluation of openness to international real estate transactions and practical applications thereof. Conclusions and proposals are provided at the end of the Doctoral Thesis.

Offshore Companies: Conflict of Interests Between the State and Business

The problem of offshoring economy is relevant not only for Russia. It is rather difficult to calculate the amounts leaking to offshores. The figures in the press is a very rough estimate. The analysis carried out in this article allows us to draw conclusions about the reasons for the use of offshore jurisdictions and the negative consequences for the economies of the countries facing this problem. The advantage for businessmen in using offshore is the convenience of conducting international transactions, the ability to reduce customs duties, in the case of importing goods or exporting them at low prices through an offshore. Services can also be used as a subject of a contract, but it is difficult to control whether they were actually provided. At the same time, the creation of a company abroad has a positive effect on the reputation of Russian businessmen. The article analyzes Russia's participation in the global investment process, the geographical features of the inflow and outflow of foreign direct investment, summarizes Russian and foreign experience in struggling against capital flight, suggests options for reducing the use of offshore companies in the economy.

El Salvador bitcoin experiment comes with risks

Significance The government hopes to encourage the cryptocurrency’s use for domestic and international transactions, with the aim of boosting financial inclusion. However, it has been criticised because there are low levels of access to digital finance among the population, and sceptics dismiss it as a gimmick. Further criticism centres on concerns around financial crime. Impacts Businesses accepting bitcoin will need to upgrade their IT infrastructure and security, imposing transition costs. State investment in ICT infrastructure will also be required to enable broad uptake of digital finance options. The government is set to launch new sovereign bonds, which it hopes will supplement IMF funding.