Sodium content of menu and commissary provisions in rural jail exceeds heart-healthy dietary recommendations

Purpose This paper determined sodium provisions from a seven-day cycle menu and commissary at a rural Southwest County jail and compared it to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) recommendations for sodium. Design/methodology/approach A seven-day cycle menu and commissary items were used to determine sodium content for each meal and commissary pack. Estimates for the menu and commissary packs paired with the menu (commissary scenarios) were converted to a daily average of sodium and compared to DRI and DASH recommendations. Findings Menu provisions provided 167% of daily DRI sodium recommendations and 256% of daily DASH sodium recommendations. The sodium content for individual commissary scenarios averaged 218% of DRI and 334% of DASH recommendations. Commissary items are notably high in sodium and if eaten can significantly exceed dietary recommendations. Originality/value Small changes to one meal within the cycle menu and the inclusion of fresh or frozen produce could reduce sodium content to align with DRI and DASH recommendations.

FÓRMULAS INFANTIS DISPONÍVEIS NO BRASIL

INTRODUÇÃO: De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde os bebês com até seis meses de vida devem ser alimentados exclusivamente com leite materno (LM), começando na primeira hora de vida. Contudo, diante da impossibilidade do LM, deve-se utilizar uma fórmula infantil (FI) que satisfaça as necessidades nutricionais do lactente, conforme recomendado pelo Ministério da Saúde e sociedades científicas internacionais. OBJETIVO: Analisar e comparar as fórmulas infantis comercializadas no Brasil. METODOLOGIA: Avaliou-se a composição nutricional das FI de partida - FIP (do nascimento até 5 meses e 29 dias), de seguimento - FIS (6 meses até 11 meses e 29 dias) e para necessidades dietoterápicas específicas - FINDE (do nascimento até 11 meses e 29 dias). Para análise, considerou-se aquelas de acordo com a legislação brasileira segundo a RDC nº 43 e nº 44, de 19 de setembro de 2011. Analisou-se a densidade calórica (DC), macronutrientes (carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios) em g/100g e sua composição e micronutrientes em (mg/100g). RESULTADOS: Das 45 FI analisadas, 15,5%(7) são classificadas como FIP, 15,5%(7) FIS e 69%(31) FINDE. A DC variou entre 0,66 (valor calórico médio encontrado no leite materno) a 1 Kcal/mL (hipercalórica). A lactose é o carboidrato presente em 100% das FIP e das fontes proteicas, 57%(4), eram compostas por 60% do soro do leite e 40% de caseína. Considerando os micronutrientes, 100%(7) apresentaram a relação cálcio:fósforo na proporção 1:1 a 2:1, os níveis de sódio estavam entre 130 a 200mg e nas FIS e FINDE há teor extra de ferro para compensar a menor biodisponibilidade do mineral e maior necessidade do lactente. De acordo com a Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI’s) ou Consumo Dietético de Referência, as recomendações aumentam de 0,27mg para 11mg (após o sexto mês de vida). Nas FIS a lactose foi mantida em 100% somente em 42% (3), nas demais houve acréscimo de maltodextrina (polímeros de glicose) em sua composição. Entre as FINDE houve uma maior variação entre as fontes de macronutrientes de sua composição, a fim de se adequarem às diferentes condições dietoterápicas propostas. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de toda pesquisa científica e seus constantes avanços, não existe FI capaz de manter todas as propriedades nutricionais, imunológicas e de excelência do LM. É papel do profissional saber analisar as diferenças entre as marcas e, quando necessário sua prescrição, realizar de maneira individual objetivando o adequado crescimento e desenvolvimento.

Association between 24 h Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Intake in Japanese Male Adolescent Football Players

High urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio is considered a strong risk factor for hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, and we analyzed these levels associated with dietary intake in Japanese adolescent football players. This cross-sectional study included 120 Japanese male adolescent football players. Over 24 h, urine was collected and measured for creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels. A dietary assessment was performed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. The study analyzed 79 participants. The mean urinary sodium was 143.2 mmol/day, urinary potassium was 42.8 mmol/day, and the mean urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio was 3.6. Compared with the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes, the estimated salt intake was 73.4% for the participants who exceeded the sodium intake, and the estimated potassium intake was 73.4% for the participants who did not satisfy it. Multiple regression analysis revealed that milk and dairy product intake was independently and positively associated with urinary potassium (β = 0.252) and independently and negatively associated with the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (β = −0.254). Adolescent football players had a high-sodium and low-potassium diet, well above the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes recommendations. Milk and dairy products could be effective for increasing urinary potassium and decreasing the urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio.

Theoretical Intakes of Modern-Day Paleo Diets: Comparison to U.S. Dietary Reference Intakes

Objectives To evaluate the nutrient adequacy of theoretical, modern-day Paleo meal plans relative to the U.S. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Methods This analysis used data from the Adhering to Dietary Approaches for Personal Taste (ADAPT) Feasibility Study, which captured data on 9 726 self-reported, popular diet followers. Paleo respondents (N = 925) reported sources of recipes and diet guidance. Five days from each of the top six sources were used to generate 30 days of meal plans among a random sample of n = 200 Paleo respondents. Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) was used to estimate daily nutrient content of meal plans which was compared to DRIs and recommendations, as follows: recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for vitamins D, E, and folate, which do not vary by age (years, y)/sex; sex and age-specific RDAs for vitamins A, C, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe); adequate intakes (AIs) for potassium (K) and fiber; upper intake level (UL) for sodium (Na); and Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) upper threshold to limit saturated fat and Na. Results Estimated daily nutrient intakes of theoretical Paleo meal plans met or exceeded RDAs for the following (Paleo vs. RDA): vitamin A for men or women (1481 RAE µg vs. 900 μg and 700 µg), vitamin D (56 µg vs. 15 μg), vitamin E (27 mg vs. 15 mg), folate (489 µg vs. 400 μg), vitamin C for men or women (225 mg vs. 90 mg and 75 mg), Mg for men and women 31–70 y (539 mg vs. 420 mg and 320 mg), and Fe for men (16 mg vs. 8 mg). Theoretical estimates did not meet the following: RDAs for carbohydrate (91 g vs. 130 g), Fe for women 19–50 y (16 g vs.18 mg), Ca for men and women 61–70 y (562 mg vs. 1000 mg and 1200 mg), and AI for K (4027 mg vs. 4700 mg) or dietary fiber (25 g vs. 28 g/2000 kcal). Estimated levels of Na exceeded the UL (2763 mg vs. 2300 mg), saturated fat exceeded the DGA (19% vs. 10% kcal), and added sugar levels fell within the recommendation (1% vs. 10%). Conclusions While certain aspects of the Paleo diet offer improvements over typical reported intakes of US adults, saturated fat is high, and carbohydrate, fiber, Ca, and K levels of these theoretical diets do not meet DRIs. High levels of saturated fat present concern for cardiovascular health. Optimal nutrition may be challenging to sustain on a Paleo diet. Funding Sources Supported by USDA Cooperative Agreements 58-8050-9-004 and 58-8050-9-003.

Picky Eating is Associated with Lower Nutrient Intakes from Children’s Home-Packed School Lunches

The objective was to assess the relationship between children’s picky eating (PE) status and nutrient intake from home-packed school lunches. The lunches of 321 students, aged 7–10 years, were quantified via cross-sectional direct observation. Children were classified as having PE (n = 155) or not (non-PE; n = 166) based on food neophobia scores and parental perceptions of PE. The PE group consumed significantly less protein, folate, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, D, and E than the non-PE group; however, both groups consumed amounts exceeding Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for protein, carbohydrates, sugar, sodium, iron, and vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, and C. Conversely, both groups consumed amounts significantly lower than DRIs for calcium, fibre, folate, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and vitamins A, D, E, and K. The PE group ate significantly less meat and alternatives, vegetables and fruit, and fruit than the non-PE group, and did not meet any of Canada’s Food Guide (2007) recommendations. The non-PE group met recommendations for meat and alternatives only. PE impacts the dietary intake of children’s home-packed lunches; however, many packed lunches were of low nutritional quality. Focus should be placed on provision of nutritionally complete school lunches for all children.

Difference and Variance in Nutrient Intake by Age for Older Adults Living Alone in Japan: Comparison of Dietary Reference Intakes for the Japanese Population

This study aimed to estimate the distribution of usual intakes in protein, sodium, potassium, and calcium by age group and assessed whether proportions of deficiencies/excesses of each nutrient would occur more in older age via a comparison with the dietary reference intakes for the Japanese population (DRIs_J). A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using a database of the 2-day nutrient intake of 361 Japanese people aged 65–90 years. The AGEVAR MODE was used to estimate usual intake. Percentile curves using estimated distribution by sex and age and usual nutrient intake were compared to those of the DRIs_J. The usual intake of protein (male and female) and potassium and calcium (female) were lower with older age. Within-individual variance of protein in female (p = 0.037) and calcium in male (p = 0.008) subjects were considerably lower with older age. The proportion of deficiencies in protein (male and female), potassium (female), and calcium (female) were higher with older age. However, the proportion of people with excess salt (converted from sodium; male and female) did not differ by age. The variances found herein could be important for enhancing the understanding of differences in dietary intake by age.