ACQUIRED NEONATAL SEVERE FACTOR II DEFICIENCY- TWO CASES REPORT

In present study two cases of transient acquired and isolated factor II deficiency associated with severe bleeding are reported. Two infants were involved in severe coagulopathy. The blood clot time (CT) in case 2 was excessively prolonged over 16 hours. One-stage prothrombin time (PT) was remarkable prolonged. Haemostatic markers analysis showed an isolated deficiency of factor II at 2.5% and 4.5% respectively. No inhibitory activity against factor II could be detected. We successfully treated the deficiency with vitamin K1 during 15 days. It was interesting that in the case 2 female baby the cause of vitamin K deficiency might be breast feed problem (nutrition deficiency) and/or poor absorption from bowel. Physiopathological laboratory results and therapeutic aspects of two patients were presented. Peer Review History: Received: 1 November 2021; Revised: 9 December; Accepted: 28 December, Available online: 15 January 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Ogbonna B. Onyebuchi, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, [email protected]

Ground Penetrating Radar Algorithm to Sense the Depth of Blood Clot in Microwave Head Imaging

Background: Microwave imaging is one of the emerging non-invasive portable imaging techniques, which uses nonionized radiations to take a detailed view of biological tissues in the microwave frequency range. Brain stroke is an emergency caused by the interruption of the blood supply into parts of brain, leading to the loss of millions of brain cells. Imaging plays a major role in stroke diagnosis for prompt treatment. Objective: This work proposes a computationally efficient algorithm called the GPR algorithm to locate the blood clot with a size of 10 mm in microwave images. Methods: The electromagnetic waves are radiated, and backscattered reflections are received by Antipodal Vivaldi antenna with the parasitic patch (48 mm*21 mm). The received signals are converted to a planar 2D image, and the depth of the blood clot is identified from the B-scan image. The novelty of this work lies in applying the GPR algorithm for the accurate positioning of a blood clot in a multilayered head tissue. Results: The proposed system is effectively demonstrated using a 3D EM simulator and simulated results are verified in a Vector network analyzer (E8363B) with an experimental setup. Conclusion: This an alternative safe imaging modality compared to present imaging systems(CT and MRI)

Cavernous Gastric Hemangioma as an Unusual Cause of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in a Young Woman

Gastric hemangiomas (GHs) are extremely rare vascular lesions of mesodermal origin that may occur in isolation or in conjunction with underlying congenital pathology. Due to the scarcity of these tumors, there is no standardized diagnostic method; however, many have found the combination of endoscopic investigation and radiographic imaging to be most effective, with the presence of phleboliths on computerized tomography as being pathognomonic for GHs. Surgical treatment for symptomatic lesions is curative with no reports of recurrence. We describe a 21-year-old woman who presented with epigastric pain and one episode of 250 mL hematemesis earlier that morning. Under the impression of an upper gastrointestinal bleed due to peptic ulcer disease, esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed which revealed a 5-cm blood clot-like mass similar in appearance to that of a II-b peptic ulcer, but the presence of a bridging fold led to the suspicion of a possible submucosal tumor. Dynamic computerized tomography scan showed similar findings, and the patient was referred for surgical intervention. Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy was performed with the final diagnosis of cavernous GH made via histological evaluation. The patient was discharged 9 days later with no complications. This case puts emphasis on the importance of considering cavernous GH as a potential cause of severe upper GI bleeding especially in those with atypical demographic profile and history.

Nanomechanics of Blood Clot and Thrombus Formation

Mechanical properties have been extensively studied in pure elastic or viscous materials; however, most biomaterials possess both physical properties in a viscoelastic component. How the biomechanics of a fibrin clot is related to its composition and the microenvironment where it is formed is not yet fully understood. This review gives an outline of the building mechanisms for blood clot mechanical properties and how they relate to clot function. The formation of a blood clot in health conditions or the formation of a dangerous thrombus go beyond the mere polymerization of fibrinogen into a fibrin network. The complex composition and localization of in vivo fibrin clots demonstrate the interplay between fibrin and/or fibrinogen and blood cells. Studying these protein–cell interactions and clot mechanical properties may represent new methods for the evaluation of cardiovascular diseases (the leading cause of death worldwide), creating new possibilities for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Anatomy of a Data Science Software Toolkit That Uses Machine Learning to Aid ‘Bench-to-Bedside’ Medical Research—With Essential Concepts of Data Mining and Analysis Explained

Data science and machine learning are buzzwords of the early 21st century. Now pervasive through human civilization, how do these concepts translate to use by researchers and clinicians in the life-science and medical field? Here, we describe a software toolkit, just large enough in scale, so that it can be maintained and extended by a small team, optimised for problems that arise in small/medium laboratories. In particular, this system may be managed from data ingestion statistics preparation predictions by a single person. At the system’s core is a graph type database, so that it is flexible in terms of irregular, constantly changing data types, as such data types are common during explorative research. At the system’s outermost shell, the concept of ’user stories’ is introduced to help the end-user researchers perform various tasks separated by their expertise: these range from simple data input, data curation, statistics, and finally to predictions via machine learning algorithms. We compiled a sizable list of already existing, modular Python platform libraries usable for data analysis that may be used as a reference in the field and may be incorporated into this software. We also provide an insight into basic concepts, such as labelled-unlabelled data, supervised vs. unsupervised learning, regression vs. classification, evaluation by different error metrics, and an advanced concept of cross-validation. Finally, we show some examples from our laboratory using our blood sample and blood clot data from thrombosis patients (sufferers from stroke, heart and peripheral thrombosis disease) and how such tools can help to set up realistic expectations and show caveats.

Platelet-Rich Fibrin Used in Regenerative Endodontics and Dentistry: Current Uses, Limitations, and Future Recommendations for Application

Regenerative endodontics has introduced numerous procedures such as pulp implantation, revascularization, and postnatal stem cell therapy. Revascularization has been successfully implemented clinically nowadays, thus providing dentists with outrageous results. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) used either alone or along with bone graft promotes bone growth and vascularization. This matrix promotes migration, cell attachment, and proliferation of osteoblast that leads to bone formation. PRF consists of a packed fibrin complex consisting of leukocytes, cytokines, and glycoproteins such as thrombospondin. The usage of PRF has reported high success rates in surgical cases such as sinus lift procedures, healing of extraction sockets, and management of periapical abscesses. Compared to platelet-rich plasma, PRF is more economical, easy to prepare, and feasible to use in daily clinical practices. Revascularization compromised the induction of a blood clot into the root canal space, which emerged as a clinical triumph. This further led to platelet concentrates as an autologous scaffold on which revascularization could occur. The applications of PRF in regenerative endodontics are numerous, such as an agent for repairing iatrogenic perforation of the pulpal floor and for the revascularization of immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps. It acts as a matrix for tissue ingrowth. Evidence of progressive thickening of dentinal walls, root lengthening, regression in the periapical lesion, and apical closure was reported. Further studies are needed to clarify the precise mechanism of action of PRF for dental pulp regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. The current review aims at the present uses of PRF in regenerative endodontics dentistry and its application with future recommendations and limitations.

Effect of Time and Haemolysis on Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) Measurement on Blood Samples

Background: Coagulation, also known as blood clotting, is the process by which blood convert from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It referred to haemostasis, the stopping of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair. Material and methods: This was cross sectional study conducted at the albawasla medical laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan during the period August to November, 2021 and to evaluate the effect of time and hemolysis on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time tests. 50 samples (case group) were collected from the patients attending police teaching hospital and requested to the PT and APTT test in addition to that,50 apparently healthy donors with no history of any coagulation problems or any chronic disease were selected as control group. Three ml of venous blood samples were collected in container with Tri Sodium Citrate anticoagulant. The coagulation tests (PT and APTT) were performed using semiautomatic device (coagulometer machine MI). Results: The result of this study revealed that; when compared the measurement of PT and APTT immediately and after one hour there was insignificant differences (p. v.>0.05). also when compared the measurement of PT and APTT between hemolyzed and non-hemolyzed samples there was significant differences ( p. v.<0.05) in addition when compared case and control for the PT and APTT immediately, after one hour, hemolyzed and non-hemolyzed sample there was significant differences ( p. v.<0.05) except the APTT hemolyzed samples and insignificant differences with age and gender ( p. v.>0.05). For the correlation there was significant correlation in the case group for the PT and APTT immediately, after one hour, and hemolyzed samples. Conclusion: In the cases group results showed insignificant differences in the results of PT and APTT between immediate sample and after 1 hour in and significant differences in the results of PT and APTT between hemolyzed and non-hemolyzed samples, also there was insignificant differences between age and gender, immediately, after one hr. and hemolyzed sample in PT and APTT. Keywords: Homeostasis, hemolyzed sample, PT and APTT

Justification of using Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a medical condition, occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein and pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot gets lodged in an artery in the lung, affecting blood flow to part of the lung.The frequencies of using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism is increasing day by day.Both the technics are noninvasive and provide prompt results. But there are a good number of alternative technics for the same purposes. That is why, till now scholars and respective professionals are interested to know more about the justification and comparative effectiveness of CT and MRI in detecting DVT and PE.This review aimed to analyze the history of several detecting methods for DVT and PE and to dig out the clear concepts about the effectiveness and patient compliances of CT and MRI in detecting deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. For proper analysis a lot of research as well as meta-analysis had been studied.From this article besides scholars and professionals, general readers will get a clear concept about the features, effectiveness and justifications of CT and MRI in treating DVT and PE.

Prevalence of Coronary Heart Diseases Risk Factors among Healthcare Male Students in KSAU-HS Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition in which plaque builds up on the inner walls of coronary arteries and can lead to blood clot formation. It is the leading cause of death worldwide. Developing coronary heart disease takes long period and its risk factors can be found in young people. Objectives: Study of risk factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done at King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University in Riyadh. Non-probability convenience sampling was used to select 151 health care students. The data was collected through questionnaire and physical measurements. The data was entered and analyzed by SPSS. Results: More than half of the students eat fruits one or less time per week which accounts for 53.6%. Moreover, 28.5% of them eat vegetables one time or less per week. Regarding healthy food containing healthy fat such as fish, 76.2% of the students include healthy fat food in their diet more than two times per week. The percentage of those who eat fast food and consume soft drinks is 80.8% and 70.2% more than two times per week respectively. Furthermore, the percentage of the students who are smokers, either currently or occasionally is 49%. Concerning physical activity, 31.3% of the students exercise more than two times weekly, and only 7.3% of the students watch TV more than four hours per day. On the other hand, the majority which accounts for 54.3% of the students use computer, laptop, or tablet more than four hours per day. Regarding premature CAD, 3.3% of the students reported positive and 16.2% of them reported positive for CHD family history. Finally, 1.3% of the found to have DM.