Multifocality and opportunity structure: towards a mixed embeddedness model for transnational migrant entrepreneurship

This article addresses transnational migrant entrepreneurship, which refers to migrants involved in cross-border entrepreneurial activities. Previous models and concepts in migrant entrepreneurship studies have not fully succeeded in recognising the role played by differential groups and places in the pursuit of opportunities by transnational migrant entrepreneurs. This is due to a tendency to focus on the country of residence as well as on the inclination to view migrant entrepreneurs as members of a coherent ethnic or national group. To help fill this gap, we propose a new model combining the concept of multifocality, covering the simultaneous involvement of migrant entrepreneurs in both multiple places and multiple groups, with group modes of behaviour as an additional dimension influencing the opportunity structure. The case of Moroccan transnational entrepreneurs in Amsterdam shows that the role of multifocality in place, in combination with group modes of behaviour, is critical when it comes to pursuing entrepreneurial opportunities.

COVID-19 as Industry Forcing Function: Challenges for Entrepreneurship in the Post-Pandemic Future

The COVID-19 crisis has changed how firms and industries do business – at least for now. What is uncertain, however, is the duration of that change. Will the industry change induced by the COVID-19 crisis persist and, if so, for how long? Can a crisis, and particularly the COVID-19 crisis, act as a more permanent change agent and create an environment that mimics the entrepreneurial opportunity that industry forcing functions create? If yes, then there is cause to consider the entrepreneurial opportunity that the COVID-19 crisis provides. In this paper, we review the changes that the pandemic has brought to business practices. Furthermore, we discuss the differences between crisis-based opportunity and entrepreneurial opportunity created by industry forcing functions in order to illuminate the ability of a COVID-19 crisis–induced Low Touch Economy to sustainably create entrepreneurial opportunities. We show examples and list the attributes of industry forcing functions that have already provided sustainable entrepreneurial opportunity. Then, we match these attributes with the factors pertaining to the COVID-19-related Low Touch Economy. We find that the COVID-19 crisis has similarities and differences to the traditional industry forcing functions started by disruptive technologies. However, unlike traditional industry forcing functions, the COVID-19 crisis acts in a pan-industrial manner, making the impact of the pandemic more profound. Furthermore, the timing of the pandemic is important too: the COVID-19 crisis struck during the emergence of a Schumpeterian wave of Industry 4.0 and accelerated the adoption of its most important harbingers. We provide researchers and practitioners a lens through which to review not only the COVID-19 crisis’s possibility of lasting effects, but also how it will affect entrepreneurs.

Gender aspects of entrepreneurial opportunities and abilities

To date, the involvement of the population in the creation of a business has become an urgent problem. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the opinions of adults that have developed in various states about the opportunities and abilities they have to open their own enterprises. The results of a survey of the adult population on this problem were used as empirical data. The survey conducted in 2018 covered 59 states located in different parts of the world. Our study was aimed at assessing the existing gender differences. The computational experiment allowed the development of six mathematical models. The study showed that in most countries men are more optimistic about their opportunities and abilities to participate in entrepreneurial activities.

“Thief in the Name of Kidd”: Unscrupulous Opportunism and Cheap Print in Late Regency London

William Kidd saw himself as a struggling small publisher of illustrated books operating during the 1830s in a marketplace that favoured large scale firms. His response to his perceived disadvantages was twofold. In seeking to reach a rapidly expanding cohort of leisure-based readers, Kidd deployed aggressive marketing policies that frequently sailed close to the law and generated considerable controversy. He was also less than honest about just who had written or illustrated his books. At the same time, he initiated new genres of relatively cheap illustrated publications based on the recreational interest and habits of an emerging lower middle class and artisan reading public. In particular, he took advantage of the wood engraving as a cheap reprographic medium, and employed highly capable draughtsmen such as Robert Cruikshank, Robert Seymour and George Bonner to illustrate his books and pamphlets. His pocket guides to British seaside resorts, his development of the illustrated reprints known as jeu d’esprit or Facetiae and his packaging up of sayings, mottos and nuggets of information into small format gatherings all show a lively minded and innovative response to the rapidly changing literary marketplace. Kidd’s career suggests both the legally chaotic nature of the literary marketplace and the entrepreneurial opportunities offered to a shrewd if unscrupulous publisher in late Regency London.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON CROSS BORDER ENTREPRENEURSHIP - GEOGRAPHICAL, THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL GAPS

Cross Border Entrepreneurship (CBE) contributes to regional economic development through international opportunities recognition and exploitation. This study tends to explore and review the CBE literature to find the gaps by systematically investigating the existing literature guide by PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) statement. This study emphasis on the country’s classification, perspective area, methods of study, as well as underpinning theories. It reveals 32 relevant research topics of the literature of CBE and highlights four main gaps. First, previous studies of CBE are yet to explore extensively in transition and developing countries. Second, areas of study lack focus on the process of identifying critical issues of CBE. Third, qualitative strategies which enable the specification of new output findings of the CBE are yet explored. Lastly, experiential learning theory, agency theory, financial theory, cash flow theory, locational condition theory, behavioural internationalization process theory, entrepreneurial opportunities theory, and human capital theory yet be utilized and diversified to develop a new understanding of a variety of challenging phenomena in the CBE studies.

Entrepreneurial Opportunities of Bamboo Base Archery Sports Equipment Production in Manipur: A Case Study

Entrepreneur is a person who accept challenging role to meet personal needs and become economically independent, capable of contributing values in both family and social life. The term “entrepreneur” is defining in a variety of ways and the concept of which is changing from time to time. Kaish and Gilad (1991) defined entrepreneurship as the process of first, discovering, and second acting on a disequilibrium opportunity. Regarded as one of the oldest sporting event, Archery sports have been included in Olympics since the early parts of Modern Olympics. It began to attract young archers in India since 1970's but due to expensiveness, it fails to produce good archers in large number as the cost of one set of FITA bow @ recurve bows ranges from 50,000 to few lakhs. Poor but talented archers cannot afford found good enough learning hands in bamboo bow and arrows that gradually became a good replacement for FITA bow. At this point of time, small scale Entrepreneurial works of Entrepreneurs in Archery Sports Equipment Production become a necessity

EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PRODUK TERHADAP PENINGKATAN MINAT WIRAUSAHA MAHASISWA

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendesktripsikan dan mengevaluasi efektivitas dari penerapan model pembelejaran bebasis produk untuk meningkatkan minat wirausaha mahasiswa. Dalam penerapan pembelajaran berbasis produk, mahasiswa diharapkan dapat meningkatkan keaktifannya, sehingga proses pembelajaran yang diikuti menjadi lebih bermakna. Melalui pembelajaran berbasis produk ini mahasiswa difasilitasi untuk mengembangkan minat wirausahanya dengan merencankan peluang-peluang usaha yang bisa dikembangkan dari produk yang dihasilkan dalam pembelajaran. Tujuan akhir pembelajaran dengan menerapakan model pembelajaran berbasis produk adalah menghasilkan mahasiswa yang aktif serta kreatif dalam proses pembelajaran sehingga dapat menghasilkan sebuah produk yang memiliki nilai jual sehingga bisa menciptakan peluang usaha. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode desktiptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah melalui wawancara, observasi langsung, dokumentasi dan kuisioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penerapan model pembelajaran berbasis produk efektif dalam meningkatkan minat wirausaha mahasiswa dengan terus menciptakan peluang berwirausaha melalui pembelajaran. Kata Kunci: Model Pembelajaran, Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Produk, Minat Wirausaha AbstractThis study aims to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of the application of product-based learning models to increase student entrepreneurial interest. In the application of product-based learning, students are expected to increase their activeness, so that the learning process that is followed becomes more meaningful. Through product-based learning, students are facilitated to develop their entrepreneurial interests by planning business opportunities that can be developed from the products produced in learning. The ultimate goal of learning by applying a product-based learning model is to produce students who are active and creative in the learning process so that they can produce a product that has a selling value so that it can create business opportunities. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques used are through interviews, direct observation, documentation and questionnaires. The results showed that the application of product-based learning models was effective in increasing student entrepreneurial interest by continuing to create entrepreneurial opportunities through learning. Keywords: Learning Model, Product Based Learning Model, Entrepreneurial Interest

Perceptions on the role of practical and simulated learning in promoting successful entrepreneurship

Practical work-based learning (WBL) or simulated learning has been widely recognized as essential for developing desirable cognitive and behavioral qualities among university learners. Despite this recognition, most practical and simulated learning experiences have been directed to facilitate learners’ employability rather than to promote entrepreneurship. The study aimed to examine the perception of students on the usage of WBL to foster entrepreneurial intention at higher education institutions in South Africa. The study employed mixed research methods. The results show that opportunity recognition, desire to exploit entrepreneurial opportunities, increasing knowledge and skills, desire to be involved in starting a business, desire to own or manage a new business, desire to own or manage an old business, attitude towards entrepreneurship, motivation to be an entrepreneur, and fascination with entrepreneurship were key impacts of WBL among entrepreneurship students. Friedman test was carried out to compare the mean ranks of the nine impacts and test whether there were any significant differences in agreeableness to their impact. The test result was significant, and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance of 0.023 indicated no significant differences among the nine impact factors, which are not different in their strength as a key result of WBL. The study recommends the adoption of WBL strategies in entrepreneurial programs at universities.

How Does Social Media Influence College Students to Recognize Entrepreneurial Opportunities? - Evidence from China

The rapid development of information technology is having a profound impact on college students' entrepreneurial behavior,and accurately recognize entrepreneurial opportunities will affect the success or failure of individual entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study is to explore if and how social media influences college students to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities. A systematic review of relevant research results including social media in the field of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship of college students, etc., this paper puts forward five dimensions and six hypotheses, including entrepreneurial alertness, priori knowledge, social capital, entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, and social media. A total of 508 valid questionnaires were obtained by designing questionnaires, organizing surveys, and screening data for college students. Through the reliability and validity test, correlation analysis, and hypothesis test analysis of the returned questionnaire data, all six hypotheses were verified. The empirical analysis shows that social media can significantly affect the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities for college entrepreneurs. priori knowledge and entrepreneurial alertness play a mediating role and a moderating role respectively in this process. Meanwhile, priori knowledge plays a significant positive role in promoting entrepreneurial vigilance. Social capital has a direct and positive impact on college students' entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, and plays a moderating role in the impact of social media on college students' entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.