Study design and rationale for a cluster randomized trial of a safe child feces management intervention in rural Odisha, India

Background Poor child feces management (CFM) is believed to be an important source of exposure to enteric pathogens that contribute to a large disease burden in low-income settings. While access to sanitation facilities is improving, national surveys indicate that even households with latrines often do not safely dispose of their child’s feces. Working with caregivers in rural Odisha, India, we co-developed an intervention aimed at improving safe disposal of child feces and encouraging child latrine use at an earlier age. We describe the rationale for the intervention and summarize the protocol for a cluster randomized trial (CRT) to evaluate its effectiveness at changing CFM practices. Methods The intervention consists of six behavior change strategies together with hardware provision: wash basin and bucket with lid to aid safe management of soiled nappies and a novel latrine training mat to aid safe disposal and latrine training. The intervention will be offered at the village level to interested caregivers of children < 5 years of age by a community-based organization. Following a baseline survey, 74 villages were randomly allocated to either intervention or control arm. The primary outcome is caregiver reported safe disposal of child feces after last defecation, either by the caregiver disposing of the child’s feces into the latrine or the child using the latrine, measured approximately four to six months following intervention delivery. Secondary outcomes include fecal contamination of household drinking water and the childs’ hands. A process evaluation will also be conducted to assess intervention fidelity and reach, and explore implementer and participant feedback. Discussion This study addresses a crucial knowledge gap in sanitation by developing a scalable intervention to improve safe management of child feces. The behavior change strategies were designed following the Risks, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities and Self-Regulation (RANAS) approach, which has shown to be effective for other environmental behavior change interventions in low-income settings. The latrine training mat hardware is a novel design developed cooperatively and manufactured locally. The evaluation follows a rigorous CRT study design assessing the impact of the intervention on CFM behavior change, as well as fecal contamination of two sources of potential exposure. Trial registration This trial is registered at ISRCTN: ISRCTN15831099.

Change Strategies and their Role in Enhancing the Profitability of the Industrial Companies Using the Balanced Scorecard - Applied Study in the General Company for Automotive Industry in Iraq - Alexandria

As a result of the constant and rapid changes that the world is witnessing in the field of Information Technology and opening up to global markets, making local industrial companies have a constant decline in profitability as a result of the inadequacy and understanding of these companies of these challenges, due to the inadequacy of measurement processes over traditional systems, which requires a great deal of attention to. This is done by applying the pattern of change strategies in achieving the requirements of performance development and identifying the extent of factors and variables affecting the application and practice of the pattern of change strategies and the extent of their impact in the use of the four-dimensional scale represented by the balanced scorecard, so the research included two aspects representing the first aspect.

PEMANFAATAN APLIKASI YOU TUBE DAN TIK TOK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SENI BUDAYA SELAMA PANDEMI PADA MATERI BERKREASI SENI TARI

During the pandemic, the government gave a policy that the learning process must be carried out remotely. This becomes a problem for art and culture teachers in carrying out their learning process. Cultural arts learning requires appreciation and expression activities in the learning process, so that if learning is carried out in PJJ, it will reduce student interest and achievement of predetermined indicators. The existence of these problems makes teachers have to change strategies in the learning process so that indicators can still be achieved. Meanwhile, utilizing the You Tube and Tik Tok applications packaged with Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning models can be a good solution, where the Youtube application is a substitute for appreciative media and the Tik Tok application is a substitute for media in expression. Based on the background revealed, this study will discuss the use of You Tube and Tik Tok applications in the art and culture learning process for creating dance materials. This study aims to describe how the use of You Tube and Tik Tok applications in the art and culture learning process for creating dance materials. This research use desciptive qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by field studies, namely observation techniques, and documentation studies, while data studies were carried out in 3 stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. This research is expected to inspire teachers to always innovate in the learning process, because the results of this study can describe that by utilizing the You Tube and Tik Tok applications learning becomes more fun and can achieve predetermined indicators. ABSTRAKSelama masa pandemi pemerintah memberikan kebijakan bahwa proses pembelajaran harus dilakukan dengan dengan jarak jauh. Hal ini menjadi sebuah permasalahan bagi guru seni budaya dalam melakukan proses pembelajarannya. Pembelajaran seni budaya membutuhkan kegiatan apresiasi dan ekspresi dalam proses pembelajarannya, sehingga apabila pembelajaran dilakukan secara PJJ, maka akan mengurangi minat siswa dan ketercapaian indikator yang sudah ditentukan. Adanya permasalahan tersebut membuat guru harus merubah strategi dalam proses pembelajarannya agar indikator tetap dapat tercapai. Adapun dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi You Tube dan Tik Tok yang di kemas dengan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) dapat menjadi solusi yang baik, dimana aplikasi Youtube sebagai pengganti media berapresiasi dan aplikasi Tik Tok sbagai pengganti media dalam berekspresi. Berdasarkan latar belakang yang diungkapkan penelitian ini akan membahas tentang pemanfaatan aplikasi You Tube dan Tik Tok pada proses pembelajaran seni budaya materi berkreasi tari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana pemanfaatan aplikasi You Tube dan Tik Tok pada proses pembelajaran seni budaya materi berkreasi tari. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi lapangan yaitu teknik observasi, dan studi dokumentasi, sedangkan studi data dilakukan dengan 3 tahap yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Adanya penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menginspirasi para guru agar selalu berinovasi dalam proses pembelajaran, karena hasil penelitian ini dapat mendeskripsikan bahwa dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi You Tube dan Tik Tok pembelajaran menjadi lebih menyenangkan dan dapat mencapai indikator yang sudah di tentukan.

The Live Long Walk Strong Rehabilitation Program: What Features Improve Mobility Skills? Virtual Pilot

To evaluate the feasibility of delivering the Live Long Walk Strong (LLWS) rehabilitation program among community dwelling, mobility limited older Veterans in the VA Boston Healthcare System. Community dwelling Veterans 50 years and older identified as being at high risk for mobility decline based on self-report task modification and AM-PAC mobility questions. All Veterans received 10 sessions over 8 weeks of LLWS Physical Therapy care focusing on novel impairments related to mobility decline and behavioral change strategies. Sessions were delivered 1:1 with a Physical Therapist over 45 minutes. To assess feasibility, we tracked recruitment and retention metrics. We assessed length of each session, number of sessions attended, and any reason for withdrawal. To examine technological feasibility, we recorded number and type of issue along with resolution of the issue. A total of 178 Veterans were contacted to participate. Twenty Veterans were enrolled into the LLWS virtual pilot between October 2020 – May 2021. Among our 20 enrolled, 5 did not complete the program. Reasons for not completing included: being enrolled in another exercise study simultaneously and non-related medical complications. Among those completing, an average of 9.7 out of 10 intervention sessions were completed. An average of 1.8 technology difficulties per Veteran was experienced within the intervention. The most frequent technology issues experienced were related to camera positioning and Wi-Fi bandwidth resulting in delayed video and audio. LLWS is feasible to deliver as a virtual mode of care in middle and older aged Veterans at high risk for mobility decline.

EIWO's Theoretical Perspectives

Work Package (WP) I is the conceptual core of the EIWO project and informs WPs II-IX by providing theoretical embedding. It will do this initially based on the existing literature (a theory paper suggesting combinations of life course, social risk and regime analysis) and then synthesise the results of the following WPs in an iterative way for publication. EIWO will develop social policy macro indicators and their dynamics and draw on the empirical testing in WPs II-VIII to identify connections with life course, intersectionality and social risk theories. The aim is to develop change strategies to guide the prevention and mitigation of late working life exclusion and inequalities by minimising risks across the life course and smoothing late working life transitions. The policy-related concepts of active ageing and life-long learning will be key reference points for the project and will be discussed further in subsequent working papers. EIWO aims to push the boundaries of knowledge about late working life and its potential for inclusivity and equality via a theoretically driven, gender-sensitive combination of multi-level perspectives. To follow this aim, EIWO takes a life course approach to late working live in the context of demographic and social change in Sweden and Europe. In doing so, EIWO focusses on individual life courses against the backdrop of agency, workplaces, branches, economic conditions and their impact on exclusion and inequality in late working life. It aims to identify perspectives of life course policies promoting to prolong working lives and to avoid the increased selective exclusion and inequality often associated with this development

Are We Missing the Opportunity of Low-Carbon Lifestyles? International Climate Policy Commitments and Demand-Side Gaps

Current commitments in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are insufficient to remain within the 2-degree climate change limit agreed to in the Paris Agreement. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that lifestyle changes are now necessary to stay within the limit. We reviewed a range of NDCs and national climate change strategies to identify inclusion of low-carbon lifestyles. We found that most NDCs and national climate change strategies do not yet include the full range of necessary mitigation measures targeting lifestyle change, particularly those that could reduce indirect emissions. Some exceptional NDCs, such as those of Austria, Slovakia, Portugal and the Netherlands, do include lifestyle changes, such as low-carbon diets, reduced material consumption, and low-carbon mobility. Most countries focus on supply-side measures with long lag times and might miss the window of opportunity to shape low-carbon lifestyle patterns, particularly those at early stages of development trajectories. Systemic barriers exist that should be corrected before new NDCs are released, including changing the accounting and reporting methodology, accounting for extraterritorial emissions, providing guidance on NDC scope to include the menu of options identified by the IPCC, and increasing support for national level studies to design demand-side policies.

Integrated Water Resource Management and Climate Change

The documentation of local progress assistances from climate change qualification is a likely inspiring feature to attain this. But, there is a deficiency of applied instances of how climate change qualification and progress priorities can be combined in general development procedures, chiefly in low- and internal-profits nations. Evolving information-based and practical climate change strategies requires creating science-policy lines through which information makers and politicians unite. Present investigation discloses that co-creation-depend lines conquered neither by information creators nor politicians prosper in enabling the alteration of information into policy. Amphibious vehicle is chiefly defenseless to climate changes that are predictable to source environment destruction and damage and, eventually, resident excisions. But, little is recognized about how the collaboration amongst climate change and destruction may delay the ability of amphibians to adjust to climate change.