Comparisons of pyrolysis parameters between source rocks and their clay-sized fractions: Implication for source material of hydrocarbon generation

In natural environments, organic-clay interactions are strong and cause organo-clay composites (a combination between organic matter [OM] and clay minerals) to be one of the predominant forms for OM occurrence, and their interactions greatly influence the hydrocarbon (HC) generation of OM within source rocks. However, despite occurring in nature, dominating the OM occurrence, and having unique HC generation ways, organo-clay composites have rarely been investigated as stand-alone petroleum precursors. To improve this understanding, we have compared the Rock-Eval pyrolysis parameters derived from more than 100 source rocks and their corresponding <2 μm clay-sized fractions (representing organo-clay composites). The results show that all of the Rock-Eval pyrolysis parameters in bulk rocks are closely positively correlated with those in their clay-sized fractions, but in clay-sized fractions the quality of OM for HC generation is poorer, in that the pyrolysable organic carbon levels and hydrogen index values are lower, whereas the residual organic carbon levels are higher than those in bulk rocks. Being integrated with the effects of organic-clay interactions on OM occurrence and HC generation, our results suggest that organo-clay composites are stand-alone petroleum precursors for HC generation occurring in source rocks, even if the source rocks exist in great varieties in their attributes. Our source material for HC generation comprehensively integrates the original OM occurrence and HC generation behavior in natural environments, which differs from kerogen and is much closer to the actual source material of HC generation in source rocks, and it calls for further focus on organic-mineral interactions in studies of petroleum systems.

BRIEF STUDY OF THE FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF ALGAE IN PURIFICATION FACILITIES AND ON THE REGULARITIES OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT

The hydrochemical composition of pond water, which plays a major role in the development and formation of algae flora, has been clarified, as a result, it has been established that pollution of ponds with organic, mineral and toxigenic substances increases from municipal, industrial effluents. Due to this, the species composition of water changes. Ecological and sanitary assessment of biological ponds based on the species composition of algae is given. Comparative analyzes of the algoflora of biological ponds of the purification facilities of Bukhara with the analogous flora of the ponds of Uzbekistan and a detailed study of the algae flora of biological ponds of the purification facilities of Bukhara are given.

Changes in agrochemical indicators in an agricultural landscape with sod-podzolic soils against the background of the use of non-traditional fertilizers

The results of changes in agrochemical indicators in an agricultural landscape with sod-podzolic soils against the background of the use of non-traditional fertilizers in the Yaroslavl region are presented. A consequence of the intensive development of poultry farming and greenhouse farming in the region is not only an increase in the volume of basic products, but also the accumulation of production waste, such as poultry manure in poultry farming and used mats of the greenhouse economy. Both types of waste are environmentally hazardous and require special care when disposing of them. One of the options for solving the problem may be the processing of waste into a granular organic-mineral substrate. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of unconventional fertilizers was carried out in a 3-factor stationary field experiment while simultaneously studying the systems of basic soil cultivation and plant protection. The studies have shown that the developed organomineral fertilizer, created from waste chicken manure and mineral mats, does not have a negative effect on the agrochemical indicators of soil fertility and can be recommended for production.

Bio-Organic Mineral Fertilizer for Sustainable Agriculture: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

Chemical (synthetic) fertilizers used indiscriminately for improved production pose a major threat to long-term soil fertility, the soil environment, and its components. The soil microbial community, however, plays a major and important role in fostering soil health and plant growth. While the use of synthetic fertilizers has a profound impact on plant growth, it also significantly alters the makeup of the microbial community towards a detrimental low, especially N and P fertilizers. Sustainable farming practices can reduce the depletion of natural resources and maintain both productivity and soil fertility. The use of minerals that contain fertilizer nutrients in their native state is a very promising approach to reducing emissions associated with the processing chemical industries. Organic material from natural sources (food waste, manure from livestock, agricultural biomass, etc.) acts as a source of microbial culture and encourages the release of nutrients into the soil during mineral weathering. The combination of nutrient-bearing minerals and their biological weathering agents together with organic matter has the potential to remediate, restore, and sustain depleted agricultural soils. Therefore, in this review, we emphasize the significance of sustaining agricultural productivity and microbial diversity in the rhizosphere, the two vital aspects of modern agricultural systems, through bio-organic mineral fertilizers.

Research on the efficiency of soil melioration with modified organic fertilizer from pig manure

The most effective doses of the modified organic-mineral fertilizer (MOF), produced from non-contact pig manure in the conditions of the Rostov region for the purpose of soil reclamation, were determined. Experimental studies were carried out to determine the most effective dose of MOF based on non-contact pig manure. The dependence of the spring wheat yield on the use of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms fermented bird droppings and mineral fertilizers is determined. The equivalence of the effect of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms and fermented bird droppings, introduced in an equivalent dose, on plant biomass was established. When comparing the effects of different types of fertilizers, their toxicity was not established. The introduction of a modified organic-mineral fertilizer based on liquid waste from pig farms at a dose of 2 t / ha provided the highest biomass yield of 34-day-old plants of spring wheat of the “Zlata” variety, which reached 0.9 g/vessel and was 28.5% higher than the control value. A new organic mineral fertilizer with a pH of 8-10, with an organic content of up to 73% per dry weight, can be used for supporting the quality of liming and improving soil.

Chemical characters of disease suppressive and conducive soil of Moler on shallot in Brebes Central Java

In the latest years, a disease epidemy of Moler caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae have just occurred in Brebes Central Java. The disease intensity, however, varies between the shallot production lands. Some lands show suppressive with disease intensity lower than 5%, and others are conducive to disease intensity over 50%. It is interesting that in Brebes occur suppressive and conducive soil to moler disease. The suppressiveness may be determined by environmental conditions, including chemical soil characters. This paper reports the chemical character of suppressive and conducive soil to moler disease in Brebes. The evidence shows that the suppressive soil is more fertile than that conducive one. The suppressive soil is chemically characterized by significantly higher organic mineral, C-organic, P-available, K-exchangeable, and Cation Exchange Capacity than that conducive one.

Recycling and disposal of gypsum-containing waste generated in the production of citric acid

The cycle of citric acid production with the formation of gypsum-containing waste was considered and options for processing and utilization of citrogypsum were proposed. The methods obtained include: the use of citrogypsum in the production of building materials, the extraction of rare earth metals, as well as the creation of a high-quality organic-mineral fertilizer, during the creation of which it is possible to reduce the negative effect not only from the accumulation of citrogypsum, but also from manure stored in the filtration fields. In the future, the resulting fertilizer can be used for reclamation of technologically disturbed territories.

Humus condition and nutrients regime of leached chernozem depending on sugar beet fertilization

The aim of the study is to investigate the state of humus and nutrient regime of leached chernozem under traditional and alternative systems of sugar beet fertilization. Field, laboratory and analytical methods were used during the research. The application of straw stabilized the humus content in the upper 0-30 cm layer of leached chernozem, increasing its content compared to the control without straw by 0.08-0.12%. The highest absolute content of humus in the layer of 0-30 cm was achieved by applying 5 t/ha of straw + N50 + N100P100K100 - 3.00% with an advantage to control without fertilizers by 0.13%. The combined application of mineral fertilizers and straw provided the conditions for favorable mineral nutrition of sugar beets at the beginning of the growing season and the stability of their growth and development during the growing season. The content of nitrate nitrogen in the layer of 0-30 cm of soil under the application of 5 t/ha of straw + N50 + N100P100K100 was 23.2 mg/kg, ammonium - 14.4, mobile phosphorus - 96, mobile potassium - 109 with the advantage to control without fertilizers by 5.2, 3.5, 7.0 and 12 mg/kg of soil, respectively. The study of the influence of alternative organic-mineral fertilizer systems on soil fertility parameters is the basis for the development of sustainable sugar beet fertilizer systems in the context of climate change.

MECHANISMS OF ACT OF VARIOUS KINDS OF ORGANIC MINERAL ADDITIVES IN CEMENT SYSTEM

The article presents the direction of development of the scientific and practical foundations of the technology of cement concretes associated with the use of organic mineral additives. It allows to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of products and structures. The purpose of research is determination of the mechanism of act organic-mineral additives including reductants of the various physical and chemical nature and an experimental estimation of their effect on a mineral phase structure and properties of cement system. Organic mineral additives are applied in studies for which new options of components of the various physical and chemical nature are observed and received. The study of possible mechanisms of effect organic mineral additives conducted on a water-cement paste and on concreting cement system with roent-gen-phase analysis application are made. The effect of organic mineral additives on properties watering out and concreting cement systems is established. The effect of organic mineral additives including reduct-ants of the various physical and chemical nature, on a modification of a mineral phase structure of growths in the course of a hydration solidification and set strength is determined. The data obtained allow to broaden the understanding of organic-mineral additives effect on a structure and properties of cement sys-tem and to suggest accessible raw reductants in new effective organic mineral additives for obtaining of cement concretes with improved physical-mechanical performances.