Blood Electrolyte Levels in Male and Female Pitbull Dogs

The study evaluates blood electrolytes in male and female pit bull dogs to ascertain their level of predominance in extracellular fluid. Blood samples were collected, processed and analyzed for electrolyte levels using standard protocol and absorbance reading taken by spectrophotometric method. Post statistical package for social science (SPSS) analysis indicates that mean serum electrolyte levels of male pit bull dogs were 179.2±66.79 mmol/l for sodium, 3.54±0.55 mmol/l for potassium, 43.72±2.72 mmol/l for bicarbonate, chloride was 116±12.81 mmol/l, phosphorus was 4.26±0.61, calcium and magnesium were 1.74±0.50 and 1.48±0.18 mmol/l respectively. The female pit bulls had a mean serum electrolyte level of 157.4±76.07 mmol/l for sodium, 5.12±1.23 mmol/l for potassium, 75.98±27.98 mmol/l for bicarbonate, chloride and phosphorus are 123.5±17.98 mmol/l and 4.06±0.95 mmol/l, calcium and magnesium were 1.56±0.16 and 1.70±0.39 mmol/l respectively. The result implies that serum concentration of sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphorus and magnesium in both male and female pit bull dogs were significantly (p<0.05) higher than normal electrolyte range, while potassium and calcium levels were within range. The electrolyte imbalance could lead to impaired fluid level and electrolyte osmolarity resulting in neurological consequences such as seizure disorders, hypoparathyroidism, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

Post-harvesting of Solanum paniculatum L. leaves. Part II: Antioxidant activity and chemical composition

ABSTRACT ‘Jurubeba’ (Solanum paniculatum L.) is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for liver problems, in addition to being used as a cholagogue, emmenagogue, healing agent, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, tonic, decongestant, diuretic and against inappetence. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, concentration of phenolic compounds and total alkaloids of aqueous extracts prepared from ‘Jurubeba’ leaves subjected to drying. ‘Jurubeba’ leaves were dried at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) and velocities (0.4 and 0.8 m s-1) of the drying air. Aqueous extracts of the leaves, subjected to drying, were evaluated by absorbance reading in a spectrophotometer. Increase in drying air temperature reduced the contents of total phenolics and total alkaloids of the leaf aqueous extracts, whereas increment in air velocity increased the concentration of these substances. Antioxidant activity was not influenced by the increase in air temperature at air velocity of 0.4 m s-1, but under air velocity of 0.8 m s-1 there was reduction with increasing temperature. Drying of ‘Jurubeba’ leaves can be carried out with temperature of 40 or 50 °C and drying air velocity of 0.4 m s-1.

Variasi Waktu Pembacaan Setelah Stop Solution Terhadap Nilai Absorbansi Anti HBS Metode Elisa

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a biochemical technique used in the field of immunology to presence detection of antibodies or antigens in a sample. After providing a stop solution, it is necessary to know the right time for the absorbance reading. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti HBs titer with absorbance reading time variation (immediate, 30 minutes and 60 minutes). This research is an experimental study. The study population was D4 Health Analyst University Student Muhammadiyah Semarang Class 2018 after hepatitis B vaccination as many as 20. To know the difference in variation during the reading, Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted. The results showed the average absorbance at an immediate reading, 30, and 60 minutes complete in complete 1,931, 1,489, 1,276. Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis obtained a p value of 0.00. The conclusion is obtained between the variation of absorbance reading time on the ELISA method

Loading and Release Profile Assay of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Incorporated with Propolis as Bone Graft Material

Periodontitis can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone. The loss of the alveolar bone can be treated using carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) as a bone graft material. However, CHA is an alloplastic graft whose primary function is to act as a scaffold, but it is unable to stimulate the process of bone regeneration. Carbonated hydroxyapatite is an avascular synthetic material, which will increase the risk of bacterial adhesion on site that can lead to unsuccessful periodontal therapy. The incorporation of propolis into CHA is expected to add antibacterial capability into CHA. Besides its antibacterial property, propolis also has a bone regenerating effect. Mixing CHA with propolis needs to consider the process of loading the active ingredients into the carrier. The release of propolis is expected to occur gradually over a lengthy period. The purpose of this study was to analyze the loading and releasing assay for propolis incorporated with CHA. A propolis solution of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% was each incorporated into 10 mg of CHA. The loading percentage and releasing assay of propolis were measured. The absorbance reading was done at 289 nm using a UV-vis. It was shown that a 10% propolis solution had the highest loading percentage (32.08%), while the 5% propolis solution had the smallest loading percentage (10.63%). The propolis releasing profiles in all concentration groups were similar. The difference in propolis concentration incorporated with CHA affected the loading percentage but did not affect the propolis releasing assay.

Extraction of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Capsicum chinense and Capsicum spp in different solvents and extraction time

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the extraction and quantification of total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of two peppers processed by four different methods (in natura, dried, preserved in vinegar and preserved in oil). The extraction efficiency of total phenolics using seven solvents (distilled water, ethanol, 50% ethanol, methanol, 50% methanol, ketone p.a and 50% ketone) were checked. Total phenolic analyzes were performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu and gallic acid method to obtain the standard curve with 650 nm absorbance reading. The antioxidant activity was determined using a spectrophotometric method using the reagent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). No significant differences were observed in the two extraction times 6 and 24 h. For samples preserved in vinegar, no significant differences were observed between the solvents used for the extraction. The Capsicum chinense pepper showed the highest amount of phenolic compounds in all treatments when compared to the chili pepper, except when conserved in oil. For the dry pepper, the lowest total phenolic extraction value was obtained with 99.5% ethanol (p.a.) and acetone p.a ACS 99.5% (p.a.), which differed from the peppers preserved in oil. The analysis of the antioxidant activity of Capsicum chinense and Capsicum spp did not present a significant difference (p>0.05) when compared to the dried or vinegar preserved samples. However, the sample of Capsicum chinense pepper in natura presented higher antioxidant activity than the samples conserved in oil. It can be considered from the experimental results that the peppers in this study, especially in fresh and dried form are good sources of natural antioxidants.

In vitro-Modulation of HbS Erythrocyte Parameters By Prednisolone Testing For Fe2+/Fe3+ Ratio, HbS Gelation and Osmotic Fragility

Aim: The study is targeted at the sickle cell disease. It has been discovered that some drugs or medications taken for certain ailments are either pro-sickling or anti-sickling in nature. In this study, acorticosteroid by the name of prednisolone was investigated to determineits possible effects on human haemoglobin-S gelation, erythrocyte fragility and Fe2+ and Fe3+ concentrations. Materials and Method: The blood sample of 5ml was collected from adult male and female donors by vein puncture using a 5 ml syringe and needle. The blood samples were confirmed as HbSS using standard haemoglobin electrophoresis. Various concentrations of the drug (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml) were used to determine the effects on human haemoglobin-S, gelation rate, erythrocyte fragility, Fe2+& Fe3+ concentrations. Absorbance reading was taken at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer. Results: The results showed that Prednisolone increased haemoglobin S gelation at all concentrations (p< 0.05) when compared to the control. The Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio showed a reduction in haemoglobin values at 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml concentrations when compared to the control and a slight increase at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml. For Erythrocyte Fragility, there was destabilization of red cell in all concentrations. Conclusion: This study suggests that this drug could have some undesirable effects on sickle cell subjects.

Development of optical detection for antibiotic residues: oxytetracycline in freshwater aquaculture

This study satisfies the primary need for a simple monitoring scheme for antibiotic residue content in freshwater systems to regulate and prevent immunization of aquaculture species to antibiotics. A series of antibiotic solutions with decreasing concentrations (from 5ppm to 1ppm) were prepared, with each solution containing fixed amounts of the reagents (p-Chloranilic acid in acetonitrile solution, and pure acetonitrile) and a buffer solution to distinctly simulate the environmental conditions of actual freshwater systems. Using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer with the optimum wavelength of 519nm, the stability, repeatability, and sensitivity tests were performed, where relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 10% were obtained. The limit of detection was also calculated to be 0.54ppm, using the RSD result from the sensitivity test. Actual freshwater sample was gathered and subjected to a repeatability test using the same working wavelength. Results showed that the trend in the absorbance reading for the real water sample differed with the laboratory standard samples. This shift may have been caused by other interfering chemicals used in aquaculture that were present in the sample. Modified detection method of Oxytetracycline (OTC) in freshwater was made to provide solution to the main objective.

PEMISAHAN ASAM AMINO DARI LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN KROMATOGRAFI PENUKAR ION

Separation of Amino acid from Liquid waste of Oil palm Factory with Ion Exchange Chromatography Research on Separation of Amino Acid Liquid Waste mills with Ion Exchange Chromatography was carried out from October to November 2015. The results of hydrolysis of 6 N HCl results showed that the highest absorbance reading was obtained at a concentration of eluent of 0,2 and 0,6 M NaCl, while the results of the protease enzyme hydrolysis the highest absorbance reading at NaCl eluent 0,2 and 1 M. There was no significant difference in the results of separation by ion exchange chromatography, showed that the concentration of NaCl eluent is not very influential, so for subsequent analysis used only one concentration of the eluent. Results of linear regression obtained was equal to 0,9946, these results indicate that the series standard amino acid lysine has a value that is linear as it approaches 1. The amino acid levels obtained on the sample results LCPKS hydrolysis with 6 N HCl which was about 0 to 8.82 ppm and samples of the protease enzyme hydrolysis of about 0 to 4.31 ppm. Amino acid levels obtained were still far from the expected.Keywords: Amino Acid, Oil Palm, Liquid Waste, Ion Exchange Chromatography ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai Pemisahan Asam Amino dari Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit dengan Kromatografi Penukar Ion telah dilaksanakan dari bulan Oktober sampai November 2015. Hasil hidrolisis HCl 6 N menunjukkan bahwa pembacaan absorbansi tertinggi diperoleh pada konsentrasi eluen NaCl 0,2 dan 0,6 M, sedangkan hasil hidrolisis enzim protease pembacaan absorbansi tertinggi pada eluen NaCl 0,2 dan 1 M. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada hasil pemisahan dengan kromatografi penukar ion ini, menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi eluen NaCl tidak terlalu berpengaruh, sehingga untuk analisis selanjutnya digunakan hanya satu konsentrasi eluen. Hasil regresi linear yang diperoleh yaitu sebesar 0,9946, hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa deret standar asam amino lisin mempunyai nilai yang linear karena mendekati 1. Kadar asam amino yang diperoleh pada sampel hasil hidrolisis LCPKS dengan HCl 6N yaitu sekitar 0 – 8,82 ppm dan sampel hasil hidrolisis enzim protease sekitar 0 – 4,31 ppm. Kadar asam amino yang diperoleh masih jauh dari yang diharapkan.Kata Kunci: Asam Amino, Minyak Kelapa Sawit, Limbah Cair, Kromatografi Penukar Ion

Adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) Dye in Wastewater by Electrospun Polysulfone (PSF)/Organo-Montmorillonite (O-MMT) Nanostructured Membrane

In this study, organo-montmorillonite was utilized as an additive for the fabrication of the nanostructured membrane via electrospinning process.The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of 95% PSF and 5% O-MMT blend in terms of its adsorption capacity towards MB dye in wastewater and comparing it to pure PSF membranes. Pure PSF and 5% O-MMT blend were immersed in the simulated wastewater at different time intervals (1, 5, 12, 24 and 48 hours), and the change in MB dye concentration was observed by UV-Vis absorbance reading. To determine the mechanism of adsorption, the data obtained were subjected to pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models, and were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms to determine the adsorption equilibrium data. The results show that the adsorption efficiency was improved by 5.32%.

Efektivitas in vitro Alfa Mangostin Pada Pertumbuhan Bakteri Uropatogen Escherichia coli Multiresisten

Background. The incidence of Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) in extraintestinal E. coli has become a global problem in the world. In Indonesia, the greatest resistance to the uropathogen E. coli is resistant to ampicillin (91.9%), ciprofloxacin (83.7%) and cefixime (67.6%). Therefore it takes effort for the treatment of MDR uropathogen E. coli, one of them are development of new antibiotics from herbal isolates of Garcinia mangostana L., a-mangosteen. This study examined the activity of a-mangosteen in vitro on the growth of MDR uropathogen E. coli.Methods. Treatment of uropathogen E. coli is performed in vitro, using a-mangosteen with a range of levels 14 - 450 �g/mL. The antibacterial activity of a-mangosteen is measured by determine at the growth or death of bacteria at each concentration using indirect methods, which is absorbance reading. Uropathogen E. coli that had been treated with various concentration of a-mangosteen incubated for 18-20 hours, then read an absorbance at wavelenght 625 nm using a spectrophotometer.Result. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of a-mangosteen in this study was 450 �g/mL. Based on the linear regression (STATA 13.1) relationship between concentration of a-mangosteen and activity of growth inhibition of bacteria, obtained the F test value 0.0001 < 0.05, states that all concentrations of a-mangosteen simultaneously have a significant influence on the growth of uropathogen E. coli.Conclusion. MIC value is relatively large causing a-mangosteen activity against Gram-negative bacteria needs to be studied further. Potentially relevant activity in the clinic will occur if the value of in vitro MIC < 100 �g/mL. Likewise, the pharmaceutical industry prefers the development of antibiotics that have in vitro MIC values = 2 �g/mL.