Assessment of Oral Microbiome Changes in Healthy and COVID-19-Affected Pregnant Women: A Narrative Review

During pregnancy, there are several metabolic changes and an alteration in the composition of microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavity, with an increase in pathogenic bacteria that promote the onset of gingival diseases. This review is based on research in reference to the PICO model (Problem/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome), related to changes in the oral microbiome of pregnant women and possible oral consequences in patients with COVID-19. The results showed a growth of some pathogenic bacteria in pregnant women, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and the selective growth of the Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella species, probably due to the fact that these bacteria use progesterone as a source of nutrition. These same bacteria are implicated in the development of periodontal disease. Periodontal pockets have bidirectional interactions between the oral cavity and the systemic circulatory system through the peripheral gingival blood vessels. The affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to specific membrane receptors is now clear, and could involve the internal and external epithelial lining or the fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament. According to the results of the present review, the control of oral microbiome changes during pregnancy would be welcomed. The use of probiotics could help clinicians manage pregnant patients, reducing inflammatory indexes. Future studies should focus not only on changes in the level of the oral microbiome in pregnancy or the correlation between periodontal disease and COVID-19, but also on oral changes induced by both clinical situations.

Biopsied non-dental plaque-induced gingival diseases in a Chinese population: a single-institute retrospective study

Background While inflammatory diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis induced by dental plaque biofilms constitute the majority of gingival lesions, gingiva can also be affected by a variety of diseases with aetiologies different from bacterial biofilms. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the frequency and distribution of non-dental plaque-induced gingival diseases (NDPIGDs) in the Chinese population in a single institute. Methods A total of 6859 samples of biopsied gingival diseases during the period 2000–2019 were obtained from the Department of Pathology, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology. Lesions were categorized by histopathological diagnosis, pathological characteristics and the new classification of gingival health and gingival diseases/conditions. Demographic information, such as gender, location, and age, were also analyzed. Results Among 6859 biopsied NDPIGD samples, the five most frequent diagnoses included oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC, n = 2094), fibrous hyperplasia (n = 2026), pyogenic granuloma (n = 478), epithelial dysplasia (n = 477), and epithelial hyperplasia/hyperkeratosis (n = 436). All types could be grouped into nine categories according to their pathological characteristics. The most common biopsied NDPIGDs category was “hyperplastic lesions” (n = 2648, 38.61%), followed by “malignant neoplasms” (n = 2275, 33.17%). The most common diagnosis types in each category were fibrous hyperplasia and OSCC. Of all NDPIGDs, most lesions could be categorized into the new classification of gingival health and gingival diseases/conditions; only 7.07% did not fit the current classification system. Conclusions The present study is the first report on the frequency and distribution of biopsied NDPIGDs in a Chinese population. Unlike previous studies, the most prevalent categories were “hyperplastic lesions” and “malignant neoplasms”. The proportion of “malignant neoplasms” and “oral potentially malignant disorders” was remarkably higher than in previous researches. Nevertheless, the study provided epidemiological information on many NDPIGDs, which could be useful for future health policies as well as screening programs.

Frequency and Distribution of Biopsied Non-Dental Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases in a Chinese Population According to the Classification of Gingival Health and Gingival Disease/Conditions

Background: While inflammatory diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis induced by dental plaque biofilms constitute the majority of gingival lesions, gingiva can also be affected by a variety of diseases that show etiologies different from bacterial biofilms. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the frequency and distribution of non-dental plaque-induced gingival diseases (NDPIGDs) in a Chinese population. Methods: A total of 6859 samples of biopsied gingival diseases during the period of 2000-2019 were obtained from the Department of Pathology, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology. Lesions were categorized by histopathological diagnosis, pathological nature and the new classification of gingival health and gingival diseases/conditions. Demographic information, such as gender, location, and age, were also analyzed. Results: Among 6859 biopsied NDPIGD samples, the five most frequent diagnoses included oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC, n=2094), fibrous hyperplasia (n=2026), pyogenic granuloma (n=478), epithelial dysplasia (n=477), and epithelial hyperplasia/hyperkeratosis (n=436). All types could be grouped into nine categories according to their pathological characteristics. The most frequently common biopsied NDPIGDs category was “hyperplastic lesions” (n=2648, 38.61%), followed by “malignant neoplasms” (n=2275, 33.17%). The most common diagnosis types in each category were fibrous hyperplasia and OSCC. Of all NDPIGDs, most lesions could be categorized into the new classification of gingival health and gingival diseases/conditions; only 7.07% did not fit the current classification system. Conclusions: The present study represents the first report on the frequency and distribution of biopsied NDPIGDs in a Chinese population. Unlike previous studies, the most prevalent categories were “hyperplastic lesions” and “malignant neoplasms”. The proportion of “malignant neoplasms” and “oral potentially malignant disorders” was remarkably higher than in previous research. Nevertheless, the study provided epidemiological information for many NDPIGDs, which could be useful for future health policies as well as screening programs.

A parodontális sebészet áttekintő története

The first notes about gingival diseases were made around 1500 B.C. in Papyrus Ebers in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Ever since the importance of the supporting tissue of the teeth is exponentially increasing. Especially in implant dentistry, it is not just a matter of aesthetics but also plays a main role in functionality. The nomenclature and definitions of periodontal surgeries have enormously changed in the past decades. The aim of this article is to review the evolution of periodontal surgical procedures and the capital changes in the nomenclature.

Clinical Spectrum of Angiomatous Granuloma and Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia- A Retrospective Study

Angiomatous granuloma is a reactive tumour-like lesion commonly seen in the oral cavity. It generally occurs due to proliferation of capillary blood vessels. Whereas, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (IFH) refers to gingival enlargement, which is the current terminology for an increase in the size of the gingiva and is a common feature of gingival diseases. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to analyse the clinical spectrum of angiomatous granuloma/ IFH in a private dental hospital. This study was carried out in a hospital setting (single centred study). The data of the study subjects was collected after a complete analysis of data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020. The data of the patients, including age, gender clinical diagnosis and histopathological reports, were collected and analysed using the Chi-square test to find the association between the clinical and histopathological reports in the study. In the present study, angiomatous granuloma(55%) had a higher prevalence compared to IFH (40%) with higher gender predilection among the female population (61.5%) and generally in the age group ranging from 20 to 40 years. (57.5%) [p value= 0.329] statistically not significant. Similarly, IFH was also found to be higher in the female population of about (38.4%), in the age groups between 20 to 50 years (41.3%). The knowledge of various clinical presentations and histopathological characteristics the lesion is necessary for proper identification and treatment planning.