CRESCIMENTO VEGETATIVO DA MORINGA EM DISTINTOS REGIMES DE IRRIGAÇÃO ASSOCIADOS A COMPOSIÇÕES DE DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS

CRESCIMENTO VEGETATIVO DA MORINGA EM DISTINTOS REGIMES DE IRRIGAÇÃO ASSOCIADOS A COMPOSIÇÕES DE DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS VALDIR MOURA DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR1; THAYS SOUSA LOPES1; JOÃO VALDENOR PEREIRA FILHO1; JAILDO RIBEIRO BARBOSA1; ROBERT WILLIAM FERREIRA SOARES1; CARMEM CRISTINA MARECO DE SOUSA PEREIRA2 1Centro Integrado de Ensino Superior, Universidade Estadual do Piauí (UESPI), Rua Almir Benvindo, s/n, bairro Aeroporto, 64860-000, Uruçuí, Piauí, Brasil. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. [email protected] 1 RESUMO A moringa possui ampla adaptabilidade e se condiciona, com muita facilidade, ao clima e solo do Nordeste brasileiro. Ainda são escassas as informações sobre a produção de mudas desta espécie sob composições de substratos associados a regimes de irrigação. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento vegetativo de plantas de moringa submetidas a distintas composições de substratos e regimes de irrigação. O experimento foi realizado em ambiente telado, no período de setembro a outubro de 2020, na área experimental da Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Uruçuí. Adotou-se um delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial, sendo, o primeiro fator, dois regimes de irrigação (50 e 100% da ETo) e o segundo fator, cinco substratos (SB1 = latossolo vermelho; SB2 = substrato comercial; SB3 = solo + esterco; SB4 = solo + cinza vegetal; SB5 = solo + borra de café), com 5 repetições. Aos 45 dias após a semeadura (DAS) foram avaliadas a altura de plantas e o diâmetro do caule. Os parâmetros de crescimento inicial da cultura da moringa foram afetados significativamente pela interação (regimes de irrigação x substratos), sendo os melhores resultados obtidos, na maioria dos substratos utilizados, com a aplicação do regime hídrico de 100% da ETo. Palavras-chave: Moringa oleifera Lam, produção de mudas, déficit hídrico. OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, V. M.; LOPES, T. S.; PEREIRA FILHO, J. V.; BARBOSA, J. R.; SOARES, R. W. F.; PEREIRA, C. C. M. S. VEGETATION GROWTH OF MORINGA IN DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES ASSOCIATED WITH COMPOSITIONS OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES 2 ABSTRACT Moringa has wide adaptability and is very easily conditioned to the climate and soil of northeastern Brazil. Information on the production of seedlings of this species under compositions of substrates associated with irrigation regimes is still scarce. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the vegetative behavior of moringa plants submitted to different compositions of substrates and irrigation regimes. The experiment was carried out in a screened environment, from September to October 2020, in the experimental area of ​​the State University of Piauí, Uruçuí. An experimental design was adopted in a factorial scheme, the first factor being two irrigation regimes (50 and 100% of ETo) and the second factor, five substrates (SB1 = red oxisol; SB2 = commercial substrate; SB3 = soil + manure; SB4 = soil + vegetable ash; SB5 = soil + coffee grounds), with 5 repetitions. At 45 days after sowing (DAS), plant height and stem diameter was evaluated. The initial growth parameters of the moringa crop were significantly affected by the interaction (irrigation regimes x substrates), with the best results obtained, in most of the substrates used, with the application of the water regime of 100% of ETo. Keywords: Moringa oleifera Lam, seedling production, water deficit.

Use of Narrow Rows in Sprinkler-Irrigated Corn Systems to Increase Grain Yields, Aboveground Biomass, and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies

Narrow rows and optimum nitrogen applications are effective best management practices (BMPs) to enhance crop yield in an economically viable way. In a set of four studies, we aimed to compare the traditional method of planting (TMP) in wider rows (76.2 cm) with a lower plant population (84,600 seeds ha−1) against a new BMP of planting in narrow rows (38.1 cm) with a higher plant population (158,000 seeds ha−1). Implementation of the BMP resulted in 29.9 Mg ha−1 of dry matter (DM) silage, which was 42.5% higher than the 21.0 Mg ha−1 observed with the TMP. The p-values for the BMP versus TMP silage comparisons were p < 0.05, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 for studies 2, 3, and 4, respectively, showing the significantly higher production with the BMP. Silage production water use efficiency (WUE) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AE) were also higher with the BMP in studies 2, 3 and 4. The average harvested grain DM of the three BMP studies (9.9 Mg ha−1) was 9.5% higher than the 9.0 Mg ha−1 harvested grain DM with the TMP. The BMP of narrow rows with higher plant populations increases silage and grain production in sprinkler-irrigated systems.

Research on Management and Control of Miners’ Unsafe Behavior Based on Gray Theory

A large number of accidents and scientific researches show that miners’ unsafe behavior affects coal mine safety production seriously. In order to effectively reduce the incidence of miners’ unsafe behavior, to improve their safety level, and reduce accidents caused by it, this paper used gray relational analysis method to analyze the miners’ unsafe behavior of W mine and quantitatively calculated the risk value of miners’ unsafe behavior. The results showed that the risk value of unsafe behavior in violation of labor discipline was 0.4358, which was much higher than that of other miners’ unsafe behaviors. Therefore, unsafe behavior in violation of labor discipline was determined as the key point of control in the next stage. Then, GM (1, 1) method was used to establish a predicted model for unsafe behavior, to predict the number of unsafe behaviors in violating labor discipline in next quarter, and to determine reasonable unsafe behavior control target. This study plays a driving role in controlling unsafe behaviors of miners and improving safe production water of coal mine.

Technical evaluation of ultrafiltration unit in Siwalanpaji’s water treatment plant, PDAM Sidoarjo

Raw water with high turbidity requires pretreatment on its ultrafiltration unit to prevent fouling. Based on that, it is necessary to evaluate the ultrafiltration unit’s quality, quantity, and operation in Siwalanpanji’s WTP. The evaluation method compares the design criteria, technical specification, and ultrafiltration with the conventional to see the existing condition. The results of ultrafiltration turbidity and organic substance efficiency removal are about 53% and 18%, it’s not more good than conventional unit efficiency removal, which has 89% for turbidities removal and 37% for organic substance removal. Moreover, the quality of the production water fulfils the standards of Indonesia Health Minister No. 492 of 2010, except for the value of organic substances, which is in this analysis it around 13.69 mg/L meanwhile, in standard, it must not be more than 10 mg/L. Evaluation of the operating performance of each treatment unit related to the membrane unit at the WTP in Siwalanpanji has fulfilled the criteria design. However, using an ultrafiltration unit results in treated water quality is equivalent to a conventional treatment unit. So from this evaluation, it is found that there is a need for recommendations pretreatment, which is better for raw water to treat before ultrafiltration.

Do Water and Nitrogen Management Practices Impact Grain Quality in Maize?

Concomitantly pursuing superior maize (Zeamays L.) productivity with grain quality is essential for food security. Therefore, this study provides a meta-analysis of 21 studies assembled from the scientific literature to tackle the effect of the two most limiting factors for maize production, water and nitrogen (N), and their impacts on grain quality composition, herein focused on protein, oil, and starch concentrations. Water stress levels resulted in erratic responses both in direction and magnitude on all the grain quality components, plausibly linked to a different duration, timing, and intensity of water stress treatments. Nitrogen fertilization more consistently affected the grain protein concentration, with a larger effect size for protein as fertilizer N levels increased (protein change of +14% for low, ≤70 kg N ha−1; +21% for medium, >70–150 kg N ha−1; and +24% for high, >150 kg N ha−1). Both starch and oil grain concentrations presented less variation to fertilizer N levels. The positive protein–oil correlation (r = 0.49) permitted to infer that although the oil concentration may reach a plateau (8%), further increases in protein are still possible. Augmented research on grain quality is warranted to sustain food production but with both high nutritional and energetic value for the global demand.

Petroelastic Modeling of Complex Lithology Fields: Case Study

The present-day growth of petroleum reserves, maintaining and enhancing of oil production is associated with involving of complex fields into production (Uspenskaya, 2014). The complex structure of the study areas of the Urai Region (facies variability, formation replacement, fracturing, crushing and cleavage zones, complicated structure of the pore space) makes conventional forecast of reservoir properties ineffective. Moreover, the pay formations are highly exhausted with high production water cut. Therefore, the search of prospective targets is relevant in the Urai Region. The article shows generalized results of petroelastic modeling of several fields of the Urai Region for solving the following tasks: ○ Lithology, saturation and poroperm properties forecast of reservoir rocks from log and seismic data; ○ Development of 1D mechanical earth models (MEM) of horizontal well sections and their maintenance while drilling horizontal wells. The approach is based on the principles of integrating different-scale geological and geophysical studies. The lithological division of rocks was carried out, the saturation behavior and point-by-point interpretation of the data of geophysical methods of well logging (WL) were identified. 3D component models were built with taking into account the lithological features of the section using core sample studies. Effective models for the environment of sediments of interest were selected and petroelastic modeling was carried out.

Optimization of hydrochemical composition of water in plant growing by structurization method

The aim is to study the change of the main hydrochemical indicators of river water quality during its structuring, regarding the optimization of its composition when used in crop production. Water samples were taken from the Southern Bug River within the Vinnytsia Region. Water structuring was performed before analysis using an Ojas structurizer. Laboratory experiments were performed in the chemical-bacteriological laboratory of KP Vinnytsiaoblvodokanal. Indicators were determined: total rigidity; hydrogen pH; content of chlorides, nitrates, ammonium; electrolytic conductivity, taste and aftertaste. It is established that the hydrochemical composition of water used for irrigation and spraying in crop production and agriculture plays an important role in their efficiency and impact on soils and plants. Among such characteristics of water, the value of water reaction pH, total hardness, concentration of chlorides, nitrates, ammonium and electrical conductivity are paramount. The hydrogen pH of unstructured water was 7.49 pH. Water structuring reduced this figure to 7.17 pH. The total hardness of unstructured water was 4.8 mg/dm3. The structuring reduced the value of its total stiffness to the level of 4.7 mg/dm3. The structuring did not change the concentration of chlorides in water — 45.0 mg/dm3 in both cases. The content of nitrates in unstructured water was 0.50 mg/dm3, and its structuring reduces this figure below the sensitivity of the measuring instrument (less than 0.50 mg/dm3), which is more than 2.0% or more, but this value could not be established reliably due to the technical sensitivity of the device. The ammonium content in unstructured water was 0.07 mg/dm3. During water structuring, the ammonium concentration decreased to 0.05 mg/dm3. The electrolytic conductivity of unstructured water was 563.0 µm cm/cm. During its structuring, it increased to 568.0 µm cm/cm. The taste of unstructured and structured water did not differ and was 1 point. The structuring of river water used in crop production and agriculture causes a decrease in the concentration of ammonium in it by 28.57%; nitrates — by 2.0% or more; reduction of hydrogen pH by 4.27% and total hardness — by 2.08%; increase in water conductivity by 0.88%, which optimizes their characteristics. At the same time, the taste and concentration of chlorides in water do not change during its structuring.

Analysis of the environmental impact generated by backyard swine production in Tepetlán, Veracruz, Mexico

Objective: To identify and estimate waste production, water consumption and production practices of backyard swine farms at the municipality of Tepetlán; Veracruz, Mexico, to foresee the possible influences on the environment and generate information that promotes new public environmental policies adapted to small producers.Methodology: 36 backyard livestock production units were identified and studied in Vicente Guerrero and Alto Tío Diego by a census in which structured surveys were applied to obtain data; the results were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The maximum pollutant potential of the load with the installed infrastructure was estimated.Results: We registered 503 swine heads of diverse zootechnical functions, mainly from the Landrace breed, in 36 studied farms, 54.7% of idle infrastructure was identified. We found that about three tons of excreta are produced per day between the towns of Vicente Guerrero and Alto Tío Diego, from which 78% are dumped into the municipal drainage. The average water consumption per unit of livestock production was 132.2 Land for each unit of animal population 28.5 L, with a standard deviation of 32.2 L per animal population unit. This research also provides information on the feeding and production practices of the animals. It was possible to estimate the volume of swine excreta generated in the assessed localities. However, it is necessary to quantify organic matter, nitrogenous products, phosphorus, and total and fecal coliforms.Conclusions: It is important to quantify and regulate the generated waste by this livestock activity, to take corrective and regulatory decisions, to establish solutions that protect natural resources without harming the economy of the small producer.

Import-mixing Sorbents for Purification of Waste Production Water of Gas Processing Industry for re-use

Currently, there are a variety of methods and technologies for water purification. One of them is the adsorption method. Today the adsorption method is widely used in the water treatment industry. The aim of the research is to create an effective multifunctional filtering composition suitable for complex physical and chemical water purification. For this, a cation exchanger developed on the basis of local raw materials, activated alumina and other local materials was used. The adsorption properties of the cation exchanger and aluminum oxide in the composition of this filter have been studied. Also, the parameters of the filter for water purification are determined.