Photoelectric and magnetic properties of chemically synthesized Cd-Ni Ferrite nanomagnetic particles

Cadmium nickel (Cd-Ni) ferrite samples have been successfully synthesized via chemical co-precipitation technique. The structural analysis revealed the formation of FCC framework and Fe-phase in a trivalent state. The crystallite size is decreased with increasing Cd2+ ion composition whereas the lattice constant is increased. SEM was used to obtain the surface morphology and average grain size of the microstructure. The FTIR shows the formation of metal oxide, hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. EDX revealed the formation of Ni2+, Cd2+, Fe3+, and O2- ions in proper stoichiometric composition. Large optical losses were revealed by Cd2+ poor-NiFe2O4 samples whereas Cd2+ rich-CdxNi1-xFe2O4 samples revealed low optical losses and showed enhanced photoconductivity and photoelectric effect. Result from optical analysis showed that Cd2+ rich-CdxNi1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles can be used as infrared (IR) detector, ultraviolet (UV) filter and in optoelectronics device applications. VSM measurement showed an increase in saturation magnetization and decrease in coercivity as Cd2+ ion content is increased. The remanance magnetization and magnetic anisotropy were also examined. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy examined the nature of the light emission of the samples at the excitation wavelength 380 nm and emission of series of colours such as red, green, yellow, orange and violet light at different wavelengths were found.

Optimization of Hybrid Wind and Solar Power Generator at Izazi, Tanzania

Solar can be converted directly into electrical energy by using solar photovoltaic (PV) which convert solar radiation by the photoelectric effect, wind energy can be converted into electrical energy by using alternator coupled with a wind turbine. Solar power system consists of solar panels, solar PV cells and batteries for storing DC energy. Solar energy is available only during the day time whereas wind energy is available throughout the day; it is only depending upon the atmospheric conditions. Wind and solar are complimentary to each other and therefore makes the system more reliable throughout the year. The study at Izazi village, Iringa – Tanzania shows that the available solar energy and wind energy are potential and sufficient for solar-wind hybrid technology. Using the data obtained from NASA for local wind and solar resources for Izazi village Iringa, Tanzania. The simulation using homer analysis software, shows that to reach the minimum cost, the solar PV modules should contribute more energy than wind turbine. The optimization results obtained therefore shows the solar-wind hybrid system can provide a solution for supplying electricity at Izazi. This model result from Izazi village can be applied easily to other villages with similar environmental condition .

Classical physical mechanism of quantum production and its explanation for hydrogen atom structure and photoelectric effect

In this paper, the problems existing in the concepts of Planck's energy element and Einstein's light quantum are analyzed, and the alternate concept of quantum and a new concept of electron transition power were proposed. This paper clarifies the common misunderstanding in classical electromagnetics that the electron will radiate electromagnetic wave when it moves around the nucleus in a uniform circular motion and points out that the electron will radiate and absorb electromagnetic waves only when it moves around the nucleus in an accelerated or decelerated motion with a change of frequency and expounds the classical physical mechanism of quantum generation. Based on this, the quantization of electron orbital energy level of hydrogen atom and the phenomenon of spectrum are explained without Bohr's “quantization hypothesis.” In addition, the photoelectric effect is explained by using the modified quantum concept. The modified quantum concept and its mechanism of classical physics break the gap between macro and micro physics, eliminate the contradiction between “classical physics” and “quantum mechanics,” and lay an important foundation for the reconstruction of unified macro and micro physics.

A Review of Nanomaterial Based Scintillators

Recently, nanomaterial–based scintillators are newly emerging technologies for many research fields, including medical imaging, nuclear security, nuclear decommissioning, and astronomical applications, among others. To date, scintillators have played pivotal roles in the development of modern science and technology. Among them, plastic scintillators have a low atomic number and are mainly used for beta–ray measurements owing to their low density, but these types of scintillators can be manufactured not in large sizes but also in various forms with distinct properties and characteristics. However, the plastic scintillator is mainly composed of C, H, O and N, implying that the probability of a photoelectric effect is low. In a gamma–ray nuclide analysis, they are used for time–related measurements given their short luminescence decay times. Generally, inorganic scintillators have relatively good scintillation efficiency rates and resolutions. And there are thus widely used in gamma–ray spectroscopy. Therefore, developing a plastic scintillator with performance capabilities similar to those of an inorganic scintillator would mean that it could be used for detection and monitoring at radiological sites. Many studies have reported improved performance outcomes of plastic scintillators based on nanomaterials, exhibiting high–performance plastic scintillators or flexible film scintillators using graphene, perovskite, and 2D materials. Furthermore, numerous fabrication methods that improve the performance through the doping of nanomaterials on the surface have been introduced. Herein, we provide an in–depth review of the findings pertaining to nanomaterial–based scintillators to gain a better understanding of radiological detection technological applications.

Investigation of Er3+ Ions Reinforced Zinc-Phosphate Glasses for Ionizing Radiation Shielding Applications

Melt quenching technique is used for preparing glasses with chemical formula (70P2O5)−(16−x)CdO−(14ZnO)−(xEr2O3), (x = 1–6 mol%) . These glasses were named Er1, Er2, Er3, Er4, Er5, and Er6, respectively. Photon buildup factors, fast neutron absorption, and electron stopping of the prepared glasses were examined. Glasses’ density was varied from 3.390 ± 0.003 for the Er1 glass sample to 3.412 ± 0.003 for the Er6 glass sample. The Buildup factor (BUF) spectra have relatively higher values in the Compton Scattering (CS) dominated areas compared to both Photoelectric effect (PE), and Pair Production (PP) dominated energy regions. The highest BUF appeared at the Er atom K-absorption edge, whose intensity increases as the molar concentration of Er2O3 in the glasses increases. The photon absorption efficiency (PAE) of the glasses increases according to the trend (PAE)Er1 < (PAE)Er2 < (PAE)Er3 < (PAE)Er4 < (PAE)Er5 < (PAE)Er6. Fast neutron removal cross-section, FNRC values of the glasses obtained via calculation varied from 0.1045–0.1039 cm−1 for Er1–Er6. Furthermore, the continuous slowing down approximation mode (CSDA) range enhances the kinetic energy of electrons for all glasses. Generally, results revealed that the investigated glasses could be applied for radiation shielding and dosimetric media.

The analysis of student kinesthetic learning activity on the materials of Compton and photoelectric effects

This study aims to analyze the kinesthetic learning activities of students on Compton and photoelectric effects. This further involved a qualitative descriptive study, where students of class XII Mathematical and Natural Science 2, State of Madrasah Aliyah in Palu Region (Central of Sulawesi, Indonesia), were the sample population examined, in the odd semester of 2018/2019 academic session. Data was obtained through observation of learning activities, concept understanding tests, interviews and learning style identification questionnaires. The selection of respondents was based on the level of understanding of students’ concept categories. The results of the study showed that students perform kinesthetic learning activities very well, as seen from their endeavors in following the lessons and the results of theoretical understanding assessments, which were observed to be in the high category. Furthermore, the interview evaluated that the students are happy with the kinesthetic learning method carried out as it promoted their understanding and recollection of the content of the material and questionnaires indicate that students have visual, auditory and kinesthetic learning styles. From the performance of Compton and the photoelectric effect, it was shown that students playing as electrodes and electrons (kinesthetic learning style) possess high understanding of the concept in the kinesthetic learning model.

Discrete Convolution-Based Energy Spectrum Configuring Method for the Analysis of the Intrinsic Radiation of 176Lu

There has been considerable interest in inorganic scintillators based on lutetium due to their favorable physical properties. Despite their advantages, lutetium-based scintillators could face issues because of the natural occurring radioisotope of 176Lu that is contained in natural lutetium. In order to mitigate its potential shortcomings, previous works have studied to understand the energy spectrum of the intrinsic radiation of 176Lu (IRL). However, few studies have focused on the various principal types of photon interactions with matter; in other words, only the full-energy peak according to the photoelectric effect or internal conversion have been considered for understanding the energy spectrum of IRL. Thus, the approach we have used in this study considers other principal types of photon interactions by convoluting each energy spectrum with combinations for generating the spectrum of the intrinsic radiation of 176Lu. From the results, we confirm that the method provides good agreement with the experiment. A significant contribution of this study is the provision of a new approach to process energy spectra induced by mutually independent radiation interactions as a single spectrum.

Measuring the “weight” of human in vivo bio-inertia by legendary Galileo falling body experiments on a commercial 10m diving platform and gravitationally inversion of Newton's Three Laws of Motion into the Basic Laws of Evolution

Mutations of legendary Galileo falling bodies experiment with non-living objects in a non-isolated environment demonstrate that the recoverable internal motions of falling bodies can bind and polarize gravity over conventional Newtonian mass inertia. Bio quantum path experiments further interpret the binding mechanism and reveal the isolated logic restriction of Einstein’s equivalence principle. Mutations of the Cavendish experiment unveil 109 levels of gravitational differences between living and dead states. Mutations of the Galileo falling body experiments for living beings confirmed that such differences come from recoverable internal motion surface tension gravitational binding that can be calibrated as a measurable bio-inertia. We then calibrated the falling height difference for human in vivo bio-inertia on a commercial 10m diving platform and verified 98% of populations on Earth can safely be tested in this way with enough preparation training. In vivo lifetime gravitational binding curve that governs all biological parameters and reveals life evolutionary mechanisms becomes technologically feasible. These results, along with various facts, modulate the gravitational multi-surface tension region resonating model of in vivo bio quantum path inversion superposition. Photoelectric effect, PCR, GPCR, ancient CSF-ligament human Kungfu training systems, music harmonics, and board observations physically sustain this model. Newtonian Third Laws of motion are therefore evolved into Basic Laws of Evolution originates from surface tension non-unitary time inversion superposition that is different from the mathematical superposition in quantum mechanics; original memory negentropy is also disciplinarily integrated.