The Dilemma of Reconstructive Material Choice for Orbital Floor Fracture: A Narrative Review

The aim of this study is to present a narrative review of the properties of materials currently used for orbital floor reconstruction. Orbital floor fractures, due to their complex anatomy, physiology, and aesthetic concerns, pose complexities regarding management. Since the 1950s, a myriad of materials has been used to reconstruct orbital floor fractures. This narrative review synthesises the findings of literature retrieved from search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. This narrative review was conducted of 66 studies on reconstructive materials. Ideal material properties are that they are resorbable, osteoconductive, resistant to infection, minimally reactive, do not induce capsule formation, allow for bony ingrowth, are cheap, and readily available. Autologous implants provide reliable, lifelong, and biocompatible material choices. Allogenic materials pose a threat of catastrophic disease transmission. Newer alloplastic materials have gained popularity. Consideration must be made when deliberating the use of permanent alloplastic materials that are a foreign body with potential body interactions, or the use of resorbable alloplastic materials failing to provide adequate support for orbital contents. It is vital that surgeons have an appropriate knowledge of materials so that they are used appropriately and reduce the risks of complications.

CO Oxidation Capabilities of La- and Nd-Based Perovskites

Catalytic tests to assess the performance of mixed perovskite-type oxides (La0.9Ca0.1FeO3-δ, La0.6Ca0.4FeO3-δ, Nd0.9Ca0.1FeO3-δ, Nd0.6Ca0.4FeO3-δ, Nd0.6Ca0.4Fe0.9Co0.1O3-δ, Nd0.6Ca0.4Fe0.97Ni0.03O3-δ, and LSF) with respect to CO oxidation are presented as well as characterization of the materials by XRD and SEM. Perovskites are a highly versatile class of materials due to their flexible composition and their ability to incorporate dopants easily. CO oxidation is a widely used “probe reaction” for heterogeneous catalysts. In this study, it is demonstrated how tuning the composition of the catalyst material (choice of A-site cation, A-site and B-site doping) greatly influences the activity. Changing the A-site cation to Nd3+ or increasing the concentration of Ca2+ as A-site dopant improves the performance of the catalyst. Additional B-site doping (e.g., Co) affects the performance as well—in the case of Co-doping by shifting ignition temperature to lower temperatures. Thus, perovskites offer an interesting approach to intelligent catalyst design and tuning the specific properties towards desired applications.

Regional Conflict, Ceramic Senescence, and Pawnee Raw Material Choice in the Late Contact Era

Here, we consider the last decades of ceramic manufacture among the Pawnee in the Central Great Plains, using petrographic analysis to explore raw material availability and use at the Kitkahahki Town site (14RP1). Historical documents reveal tremendous regional pressures and conflicts in the Kitkahahki Town area during its occupation in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries—processes that could have altered or restricted the movement of women outside village boundaries. Contact-era Pawnee pottery from Kitkahahki Town exhibits atypical paste textures, atypical inclusions, or both. At least one potter used atypical materials available immediately adjacent to the village, which suggests that ceramic raw material collection was at least occasionally adjusted to reduce risk. Petrographic analysis contributes to our understanding of Indigenous communities in colonial settings, particularly to questions of technological change and landscape use when both were intensely negotiated and rapidly changing.

Factors Affecting the Material Choice for Restoration in Posterior Teeth

Aim: To determine the factors affecting the selection of material of choice in posterior teeth. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study done June-December 2015 at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro. Individuals who refused to participate in the study were eliminated from the sample. Each dentist signed an informed consent form. Personal data were entered on a proforma/consent form. The data collection tool was a Proforma/Questionnaire with all required questions. Dentists were personally briefed on the study's objectives and the importance of their participation. Informed permission forms were gathered one week later. Not returning the questionnaires after two professional visits was deemed participant loss. The analysis employed descriptive statistics and SPSS version 17.0. Results: 200 people responded to the survey. 70% advised amalgam for posterior tooth repair, 28% recommended composite, and 2% recommended Glass Ionomer. In this study, 65% selected amalgam, 34% preferred composite, and 1% preferred glass ionomer. In this series, 60% of people selected amalgam, followed by composite (37%), and glass ionomer (3%). In this series, 60% chose amalgam, while 40% chose composite. No glass ionomer In this study, 55% of participants advocated composite, 40% recommended amalgam, and 5% recommended GIC. Patients' preferences impacted material selection for posterior restorations in this study: 55% chose amalgam, 35% composite, and 10% glass ionomer. Most participants (60%) picked composite for moisture management, followed by amalgam (35%), and GIC (5%). Conclusion: Most posterior teeth restorations involve amalgam fillings. Determinants include strength, durability, color match and dental structure preservation. Amalgam was connected to strength, while composite saved tooth structure. Keywords: Amalgam; Composite; Material Choice; Pakistani Dentists

Problems of Grammar Material Choice in Teaching of English Language

Research relevance: this article is considering selection and organization of grammatical materials relevant in English language teaching. Research purpose: at incorrect interpretation of grammatical minimum content, students cannot fully assimilate the simplest and basic phenomena of morphology and syntax. In connection with this, determination of grammatical material quantity and content in a foreign language allows to increase the quality of learning. Research materials and methods: article analyzes differences between basic principles of selection of active and passive grammatical minimums and the criteria for selection of grammatical materials. Research results: there is requirement for teacher to choose a grammatical topic, ideologically relevant for students training and education. Conclusions: choosing a specific topic, students should be able to systematize their training from simple to complex, from simple to complex.

Investigation of flexible pavement maintenance patching factors using a finite element model

Patching of flexible pavements is one of the most important functions of pavement maintenance. Although finite element modeling has become commonplace in the world of pavement engineering, modeling has not yet been significantly leveraged for maintenance applications which improve safety, ride quality, and pavement service life. The objective of this study was to model viscoelastic properties of pavement and patching materials to determine the effect of various repair factors on pavement performance using the finite element method. Specifically, surface permanent deformation, local shear stress concentration, and horizontal strain distribution were investigated. Two types of models were simulated; the first model applied static loading to a surface layer fixed on a plate and the second model applied cyclic traffic loading to a two-layered flexible pavement system. The results demonstrate the importance of patching using a semi-permanent method. The results also demonstrated the accumulated effect of repeated loading using a time-dependent material response. Results also indicated that a larger patching area resulted in less influence of the shape of the area, while a circular area proved superior to a conventional rectangular patch for sizes near the tire footprint and smaller than it. Different responses were observed depending on the type of patching material modeled, demonstrating the effect of material choice in maintenance applications. Finally, mesh optimization was performed to ensure appropriate mesh sizes are used in future studies to accurately represent the pavement layers and patches.

Recyclability and Redesign Challenges in Multilayer Flexible Food Packaging—A Review

Multilayer flexible food packaging is under pressure to redesign for recyclability. Most multilayer films are not sorted and recycled with the currently available infrastructure, which is based on mechanical recycling in most countries. Up to now, multilayer flexible food packaging was highly customizable. Diverse polymers and non-polymeric layers allowed a long product shelf-life and an optimized material efficiency. The need for more recyclable solutions asks for a reduction in the choice of material. Prospectively, there is a strong tendency that multilayer flexible barrier packaging should be based on polyolefins and a few recyclable barrier layers, such as aluminium oxide (AlOx) and silicon oxide (SiOx). The use of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and metallization could be more restricted in the future, as popular Design for Recycling Guidelines have recently reduced the maximum tolerable content of barrier materials in polyolefin packaging. The substitution of non-recyclable flexible barrier packaging is challenging because only a limited number of barriers are available. In the worst case, the restriction on material choice could result in a higher environmental burden through a shortened food shelf-life and increased packaging weights.

ACTIVITIES WITHIN CIRCULAR-ORIENTED INNOVATION PROCESS: CASES OF BIOMATERIAL DEVELOPMENT

Within the research field of innovation management, the so-called circular-oriented innovations are focused on combining circular economy tenets within the development of innovation. Even though academia agrees that an economic transition has to develop from the bottom up, studying the implementation of circular economy on micro-level has been thus far neglected. Thus, the paper examines the circular-oriented innovation specific activities within the general innovation process and its distinct phases. Via multiple case study, the paper analyses the development of innovations suitable for the biological cycle of circular economy in the industry of biodegradable plastic substitutes. The findings show that circular economy aspects influence the innovation development from its very beginning. Starting from the triggering of idea generation, the end-of-life considerations and material choice show high importance in the front-end of innovation. Moreover, the research shows the high importance of cross-cycle and cross-sector collaborations throughout the entire development process.

A review of wear resistance materials used in power-screw mechanism for aerospace applications

In today’s industrial requirement, good wear resistant materials with the same or better mechanical properties are the need of the hour. In the present paper, an actuator that is used to lift the load is under study. It uses a linear actuation mechanism involving a screw-like motion to lift the loads. It employs a stainless steel of high quality. Since there are various types of wearing involved in the system, choice of the materials becomes the prime factor for determining the maintenance cost and the cycle life of the actuator. There are many research advances made in this field which provides us with the best type of material for its particular type of job. The present paper discusses the materials that could be substituted in place of the existing material choice i.e., in place of AMS5659 and aluminium-bronze. The two materials stated above are known for its superior wear handling and excellent mechanical properties.

Gas Phase Synthesis of Multi-Element Nanoparticles

The advantages of gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles in terms of size control and flexibility in choice of materials is well known. There is increasing interest in synthesizing multi-element nanoparticles in order to optimize their performance in specific applications, and here, the flexibility of material choice is a key advantage. Mixtures of almost any solid materials can be manufactured and in the case of core–shell particles, there is independent control over core size and shell thickness. This review presents different methods of producing multi-element nanoparticles, including the use of multiple targets, alloy targets and in-line deposition methods to coat pre-formed cores. It also discusses the factors that produce alloy, core–shell or Janus morphologies and what is possible or not to synthesize. Some applications of multi-element nanoparticles in medicine will be described.