Characterization of the Pathology, Biochemistry, and Immune Response in Kunming (KM) Mice Following Fasciola gigantica Infection

As a putative model of Fasciola gigantica infection, detailed data in Kunming (KM) mice infected with F. gigantica are lacking. In this study, KM mice were orally infected with 15 metacercaria for 8 weeks. Macroscopic and microscopic changes, serum biochemistry, cytokine responses, and changes in parasite-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels were monitored at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 weeks post-infection (wpi), respectively. The serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased after infection, while that of albumin (ALB) decreased, which was positively correlated with the degree of liver damage. Between 5 and 7 wpi, the mice showed symptoms of anemia and weight loss, possibly caused by the decrease of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Moreover, the changing tendencies of the levels of globulin (GLB) and parasite-specific IgG antibody were similar, suggesting a potential correlation between GLB production and adaptive immune response in the host. Coordinated variations in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) indicated a mixed T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cellular immune response. Furthermore, the serum IgG antibody increased after infection and peaked at 5 wpi, and it was positively correlated with the average parasite burdens. The worms collected from mice were approximately 1 cm in length at 8 wpi, their digestive and reproductive systems were well developed, and no eggs were found in the uterus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing detailed histological, biochemical, and immunological indices in KM mice infected with F. gigantica, which provides basic information on KM mice against infection with F. gigantica.

A literature review: The comparison of the sedimentation and flotation technique for Fasciola hepatica detection in livestok

Fascioliasis is an infection of the trematodes of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica which causes disease worldwide. This trematode infection commonly attacks ruminants, especially in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs and humans, as well. This disease can cause significant economic losses in the livestock industry, mainly through death, liver damage, reduced production of meat, milk and wool, and expenses for deworming. Parasitological examination for identification of fasciola infection was carried out by visually observing fecal samples for adult worms and then examined by simple flotation (using saturated NaCl solution) and formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation techniques. Here, we were systematically reviewed existing knowledge about sensitive and efficient fasciola observation methods for the identification of fasciola species. Four databases of articles that met the inclusion requirements were compiled for the literature review. This article was published between 2015-2020 and reports on the identification of fasciola species using one or a combination of sedimentation and flotation methods. As a result, the combined method of sedimentation and flotation has the best sensitivity and egg recovery rate (Ef) values for fasciola identification. Abstrak Fascioliasis merupakan infeksi trematoda spesies Fasciola hepatica dan Fasciola gigantica yang menimbulkan penyakit di seluruh dunia. Infeksi trematoda ini umum menyerang ruminansia, terutama pada sapi, kerbau, domba, kambing, babi dan bisa terjadi pada manusia. Penyakit ini dapat menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi yang cukup besar dalam industri ternak, terutama melalui kematian, kerusakan hati, berkurangnya produksi daging, susu, dan wol, dan pengeluaran biaya untuk obat cacing. Pemeriksaan parasitologi untuk identifikasi infeksi fasciola dilakukan dengan mengamati sampel feses secara visual untuk cacing dewasa dan kemudian diperiksa dengan cara flotasi sederhana (menggunakan larutan NaCl jenuh) dan teknik sedimentasi formalin-etil asetat. Disini, kami meninjau secara sistematis pengetahuan yang ada tentang metode pengamatan fasciola yang sensitif dan efisien dalam identifikasi spesies fascioal. Empat data base artikel yang telah memenuhi syarat inklusi disusun untuk tinjauan literature review. Artikel ini terbit antara tahun 2015-2020 dan melaporkan identifikasi spesies fasciola menggunakan salah satu atau gabungan metode sedimentasi dan flotasi. Hasilnya, metode gabungan antara sedimentasi dan flotasi memiliki nilai sensitivitas dan nilai tingkat pemulihan telur (egg recovery rate, Ef) paling baik untuk identifikasi fasciola.

The Anthelmintic Activity Of Etanol Extract of Porang Tubers Against Fasciola gigantica In Vitro

This study aims to determine the anthelmintic activity ethanol extract of porang tubers (A. oncophillus) against F. gigantica worms in vitro. There were five treatments and each treatment was done in five replications and used 10 F. gigantica. The treatments of this research were K- with CMC Na 1%, K+ with Albendazole 2.4 mg/ml, P1 with extract concentration 5%, P2 with extract concentration 10%, P3 with extract concentration 20%. The results showed that the extract of Porang tuber (A. oncophillus) had an anthelmintic effect against F. gigantica worms in vitro. In the extract with a concentration of 20%, there were anthelmintic properties that almost the same as Albendazole. The higher the extract concentration, the higher the anthelmintic properties. The longer the immersion time, the higher the number of dead worms. The morphological changes was evaluated by light microscopic examination and the results showed many histopathological changes on the morphology of F. gigantica. The results indicate that the possible use of the tubers as a potential anthelmintic against F. gigantica.

Distribution of bovine Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1885) in the district des Savanes, northern Côte d’Ivoire

Fascioliasis, caused by an infection with liver flukes of the genus Fasciola, is an important disease of livestock in most parts of the world. However, little is known about the distribution of fascioliasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We report results of a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 in the district des Savanes in the northern part of Côte d’Ivoire. We obtained 275 livers from bovine suspected with fascioliasis and 51 unsuspected livers from 24 slaughterhouses. Livers were dissected using a standard operating procedure and all Fasciola gigantica flukes were removed from the tissues of the liver and the biliary ducts. We found F. gigantica in 125 livers from bovines suspected with fascioliasis (45.5%) in 10 departments of the district des Savanes. Among the unsuspected livers, five were positive for F. gigantica (9.8%). The distribution of fascioliasis showed considerable spatial heterogeneity, both at regional (ranging from 18.0% to 52.3%) and departmental level (ranging from 14.3% to 64.0%). Poro region was the most affected (52.3%) with a relatively homogeneous distribution. The departments most affected by fascioliasis were M’Bengué (64.0%), Sinématiali (62.1%) and Ferkessédougou (52.9%). Our study confirms that fascioliasis is an important veterinary disease in the northern part of Côte d’Ivoire, and hence, high-risk areas need to be targeted for prevention and control measures.

Gamal (Gliricidia Sepium) Leaf Extract Increase Mortality of Fasciola gigantica In Vitro

Fasciolosis is a disease caused by infection with liver fluke (Fasciola sp). Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease that is important because it can cause high economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gamal (Gliricidia sepium) leaf extract against mortality of Fasciola gigantica in vitro study. In present study was completely randomized design with six treatments and each treatment were divided into four replications. A total of 240 specimens from infected cattles were used in this study. The observation and recording of F. gigantica mortality in all treatments with concentrations of gamal leaf extract P1 (1%), P2 (2%), P3 (3), P4 (4%), K + (Nitroxynil 2%) and K- (physiological NaCl) rate was done in 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 minutes, respectively. The mortality of F. gigantica was confirmed if there was no movement when triggered by anatomy tweezers then dipped in slightly warm water (50 15℃"> ). The data was analyzed using ANAVA Faktorial and continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results of this study were shown the lowest and the highest mortality rate recorded at minutes 30 and 240 respectively. Moreover, the mean of mortality rate were peaked in nitroxynil (K+) and 1% gamal leaf extract treatment, while the lowest mean of mortality rate occurs in NaCl (K-) treatment. Present study conclude that gamal leaf extract has anthelmintic effect on the mortality rate of Fasciola gigantica. Gamal leaf extract with 1% concentration was claimed to be the most effective.