Acanthaster coral predator density in the Pulau Dua area, Aceh Selatan

The crown of thorns starfish is one of the main threats to damage to coral reefs worldwide. Research on Acanthaster coral predator density in the Pulau Dua area, South Aceh district, has been carried out in March 2021, using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The results showed that the density Acanthaster planci obtained 42 individuals/12.000m2 with natural criteria. Corals fractures can support the life of Acanthaster planci substrate conditions dominated by coral fractures. It can also grow thread algae (Coraline) and encrusting algae, which will then be eaten by Acanthaster planci which are still in the larval stage. This research concludes that the density of Acanthaster planci obtained is still in the natural category with coral reef conditions including good criteria.

Distribution of some important honey plants visited by honey bees for feeding purposes in Narman (Erzurum, Turkey) natural pasture vegetation

Narman district is located at Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Average altitude is 1650 m, annual total precipitation is about 420 mm. In study area main economic activity is animal husbandry and animal production has made traditional practices, based on rangelands. This study carried out to determine honey plants, frequently visited by honey bees in 20 different locations of Narman. Total 56 plant species were determined and half of these plant species determined as visited plant species by honey bees. Most of honey plant species, determined in locations were wide leafy forbs and some of them were legume species. To determine botanical composition of rangeland vegetation in different locations line intercept method was used. The percentage of all plant species was calculated and each individual honey plant species percentages were determined. Some Alfalfa, Sainfoin, Lotus, Melilotus, Coronilla and Trifolium species were determined in locations. Thymus, Stachys, Centaurea and Campanula species were determined common plant species visited by honey bees.

Macrofungal identification and species richness in Cigelung Landscape and its influence on the presence of oil palm pathogens in PTPN VIII

Dungus Iwul Nature Reserved (CADI) is a remnant patch of tropical rainforest converted into plantations with neither past data nor study in macrofungi. In this article, we explored and identified macrofungal fruitbody in CADI and PTPN VIII Oil Palm Plantation (PTPN) around the nature reserve. The inventory was carried out with the opportunistic sampling methods assisted by the line intercept. Morphological characteristics were used to identify the macrofungal fruitbodies species. We found that the species richness in the study area stood at 120, with 70 species found in CADI, 23 species in PTPN planted in 2003, and 57 species in PTPN planted in 2004. These 120 species consist of 76 genera, 41 families, 11 orders, and four classes in Subkingdom Dikarya. Schizophyllum commune and Marasmiellus candidus in CADI and S. commune in PTPN planted in 2003 and 2004 were the species found with the highest relative frequency. Neither sign of basal stem rot on oil palm trees nor Ganoderma fruitbodies were found in both PTPN study locations, even though the fruitbodies were found in CADI. Further research is needed to determine if nature reserve could be a barrier against pathogens of monoculture oil palm plantation in a similar landscape model.

IDENTIFIKASI SPONS BERDASARKAN TUTUPAN KARANG DI PERAIRAN SOMBU TAMAN NASIONAL WAKATOBI

Spons merupakan hewan multiseluler paling primitif yang hidup diberbagai tipe perairan mulai dari tawar, payau, dan laut. Biota ini hidup di dasar perairan dan biasanya menempel pada substrat keras seperti batu atau karang dan berkompetisi dengan organisme penempel lainnya untuk memperoleh ruang dan makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan kepadatan spons berdasarkan tutupan karang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2020 – Juli 2021, di Perairan Sombu Taman Nasional Wakatobi. Pengambilan data spons dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode belt transect dengan panjang line transect 50 m dengan lebar 4 m pada kedalaman 3 m (reef flat) dan 7 m (reef slope) pada masing-masing stasiun. Data diambil bersama dengan tutupan karang menggunakan metode line intercept transect (LIT) dengan panjang line transect 50 m pada kedalaman yang sama dengan data spons. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa keanekagaraman hayati spons yang ditemukan dilokasi penelitian yaitu sebanyak 2 kelas, 19 famili dan 23 genus. Yakni keanekaragaman jenis spons tertinggi yaitu pada stasiun I sebesar 20 genus, serta kepadatan spons tertinggi sebesar 0,18 individu/m2 terdapat pada genus Spheciospongia sp., kepadatan spons tertinggi berdasarkan stasiun terdapat pada stasiun I zona reef slope yaitu dengan nilai 0,32 individu/m². Persentase tutupan karang pada stasiun I dan II masuk dalam kondisi baik, sedangkan pada stasiun III masuk dalam kondisi sedang. Keanekaragaman dan kepadatan spons dipengaruhi adanya keberadaan terumbu karang, sehingga keberadaan tutupan karang yang tinggi menyebabkan melimpahnya pertumbuhan spons.Kata Kunci : Keanekaragaman, Kepadatan, Spons, Terumbu Karang

Coral reef condition at the Putri Island, Bangka Regency

Putri Island is one of the unique islands which is located in the Bangka Regency. Putri Island has biodiversity ecosystem except for mangrove ecosytems. This study aims to analyze the extent of coral reefs in the shallow waters of Putri Island, and analyze the condition of coral reefs (percentage of cover, life form and coral mortality index). The research was conducted in April – September 2021 at Putri Island with using Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The research station divided in to 4 stations where was determined by purposive sampling The results show a map of the distribution of coral reefs in the Putri Island, Bangka Regency. Result show that condition of coral reefs at the research location is a good condition.

Changes in landscape ecology between nature reserve and palm oil plantation in West Java, Indonesia based on the observations of macrofungal population

Arko PF, Sudirman LI, Qayim I. 2021. Changes in landscape ecology between nature reserve and palm oil plantation in West Java, Indonesia based on the observations of macrofungal population. Biodiversitas 22: 4526-4537. As the biggest tropical country in Southeast Asia with the third-largest forest, Indonesia has limited data on macrofungal diversity. The limitation of the data is due to the lack of study on macrofungi in high biodiversity locations such as Dungus Iwul Nature Reserve (CADI). The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the population of macrofungal species caused by the conversion in landscape structure (fragmentation and land-use change) that occurred in CADI patch and oil palm plantation of PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII (PTPN) matrix, Cigelung, West Java. The sampling method used was opportunistic sampling assisted by line intercept. The macrofungal identification was based on morphological characters. The analysis of community ecology was performed in R programme. The results showed that macrofungal population and diversity in CADI were the highest, followed by PTPN planted in 2004 and planted in 2003, with a significant difference among the three study locations. The community dominance index shows the opposite, with the highest in PTPN 2003 and the lowest in CADI. These results showed changes in macrofungal population and diversity from the conversion in landscape structure. There were eleven indicator species in CADI, two species in PTPN 2003, and five species in PTPN 2004.

DISTRIBUSI DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN ASCIDIACEA DI PULAU HOGA BAGIAN BARAT PERAIRAN TAMAN NASIONAL WAKATOBI SULAWESI TENGGARA

Ascidiacea diketahui memiliki berbagai manfaat, secara ekologi maupun ekonomis, Ascidiacea berperan dalam pengendalian fitoplankton dan dapat mengurangi eutrofikasi dan konsentrasi kontaminan juga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pangan dan bahan obat-obatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman hayati Ascidiacea, kepadatan, distribusi jenis dan preferensi substrat yang ditempati Ascidiacea di Pulau Hoga. Metode pengambilan data yang digunakan adalah line intercept transect untuk pengambilan data tutupan terumbu karang dan pengamatan langsung sepanjang transek sabuk dengan luas 100 m² untuk pangamatan Ascidiacea. Transek dipasang sejajar dengan garis pantai dan pada setiap zona terumbu karang dan dilakukan 2 ulangan sebanyak 3 stasiun penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian keanekaragaman Ascidiacea ditemukan 4 famili terdiri dari 9 jenis yaitu Atriolum robustum, Clavelina sp., Didemnum molle, Lissoclinum patella, Polycarpa aurata, Polycarpa sp 1, Polycarpa sp 2, Rhopaleae sp., dan Siginella signifera. Kepadatan Ascidiacea berdasarkan stasiun tertinggi pada stasiun I dan berdasarkan jenis tertinggi dari jenis Didemnum molle sebesar 54,67 individu/m² dengan nilai kepadatan rata-rata Ascidiacea yaitu 6,73 individu/m². Sementra itu substrat yang paling banyak ditempati Ascidiacea yaitu jenis death coral with alga (DCA). Kondisi terumbu karang pada lokasi penelitian dengan persentase karang hidup rata-rata 34,36 % pada slope dan 46,71 % pada flat berdasarkan satasiun tertinggi pada stasiun 3 dengan persentase 38,6 % pada slope dan 55,32 % pada flat.Kata Kunci : Tunikata, Chordata, Terumbu Karang, Wakatobi.

POPULATION CONDITIONS OF ECHINOIDEA AND CORAL REEF COVERS IN PONCAN GODANG ISLAND, SIBOLGA, NORTH SUMATERA

Poncan Godang Island is included in the appropriate category based on the suitability of land for the Sibolga tourist area, with the presence of tourism activities that can also affect the amount of biodiversity in it. Considering the importance of coral reefs for biodiversity and sea urchins which also have a role in coral reef ecosystems, it is necessary to conduct research on the condition of sea urchins population and the percentage of coral reefs on Poncan Godang Island. Sea urchin and coral reef data were collected using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method by monitoring directly on the transect line along 50 meters. The results obtained indicate that the population of sea urchins in the waters of Poncan Godang Island, North Sumatra can be described, that sea urchins do not affect the coral reef ecosystem because at stations 1 and 5 there is no sea urchin and the percentage of coral cover is classified as bad, but at station 3 there are 32 individuals with coral reef cover conditions, while at stations with The percentage of good coral cover is that at station 4 there are only 25 individuals, as well as at station 2 where the percentage of coral cover is higher than station 3 and there are no sea urchins

Struktur Komunitas Terumbu Karang di Perairan Teluk Melanau Timur, Pulau Lemukutan

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas terumbu karang dan mengetahui kondisi parameter lingkungan yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan terumbu karang di Teluk Melanau Timur, Pulau Lemukutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksploratif dengan teknik pengambilan data menggunakan metode line intercept transect (LIT) dari 3 stasiun dan dua kedalaman berbeda (2-3 m dan 5-6 m). Hasil penelitian diperoleh tutupan terumbu karang pada kedalaman 2-3 m berkisar antara 17,76% sampai 38,06% dan pada kedalaman 5-6 m berkisar antara 11,14% sampai 48,28%. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman berkisar antara 0,80 sampai 1,74, indeks keseragaman berkisar antara 0,57 sampai 0,82, indeks dominansi berkisar antara 0,21 sampai 0,57.

Diversity of Coral Genus Scleractinia in Tidung Island Waters, Seribu Islands, DKI Jakarta Province

Coral reefs are one of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth and provide ecosystem services. One of the islands of the Seribu Islands that has a coral reef ecosystem is Tidung Island. It is strategic and developing location makes this island used as a residential area, conservation area, and tourist destination. But the utilization has an impact on the damage of coral reefs through environmental and anthropogenic pressures. This study aims to determine coral diversity by identifying the coral genus Scleractinia and the factors that affect coral diversity. Observations were done on three different stations include 2 snorkeling areas and 1 natural area. The method used is LIT (Line Intercept Transect) and coral genus identification with Coral Finder Toolkit Indo Pacific 3.0. The results of identification obtained 16 coral genera namely genus Acropora, Montipora, Isopora, Favites, Leptastrea, Favia, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Platygyra, Echinopora, Porites, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Ctenactis, Pavona, dan Symphyllia, with the value of Diversity Index (H') in the waters of Tidung Island ranges from 0.94 – 2.34 in the category of low to moderate diversity. The parameters of water quality in Tidung Island, temperature, salinity, and acidity (pH) are relatively good for coral growth, but brightness is still relatively poor for coral growth. The impact of human activities such as snorkeling, ship anchors, fishing with destroyers, oil and waste pollution, and rock mining are factors that affect coral growth and diversity.Keywords: Coral Scleractinia; Limiting Factors; Coral Finder; Tidung IslandAbstrakTerumbu karang adalah salah satu ekosistem yang paling produktif dan beragam di bumi serta menyediakan jasa ekosistem. Salah satu pulau dari gugusan Kepulauan Seribu yang memiliki ekosistem terumbu karang yaitu Pulau Tidung. Letaknya yang strategis dan berkembang menjadikan pulau ini dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan permukiman, daerah konservasi, dan kawasan tujuan wisata. Namun dari pemanfaatan tersebut memberikan dampak terhadap kerusakan pada terumbu karang melalui tekanan-tekanan lingkungan maupun antropogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman karang dengan mengidentifikasi genus karang Scleractinia dan faktor yang mempengaruhi keanekaragaman karang. Pengamatan di tiga stasiun berbeda yaitu di antaranya 2 kawasan wisata snorkeling, dan 1 kawasan yang masih alami. Metode yang digunakan yaitu LIT (Line Intercept Transect) dan identifikasi genus karang dengan Coral Finder Toolkit Indo Pasific 3.0. Hasil identifikasi didapatkan 16 genus karang yaitu genus Acropora, Montipora, Isopora, Favites, Leptastrea, Favia, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Platygyra, Echinopora, Porites, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Ctenactis, Pavona, dan Symphyllia, dengan nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) di perairan Pulau Tidung berkisar 0,94 – 2,34 berada pada kategori keanekaragaman rendah hingga sedang. Parameter kualitas perairan di Pulau Tidung, suhu, salinitas, dan derajat keasaman (pH) tergolong baik bagi pertumbuhan karang, namun kecerahan masih tergolong kurang baik bagi pertumbuhan karang. Dampak aktivitas manusia seperti snorkeling, jangkar kapal, penangkapan ikan dengan alat perusak, pencemaran minyak dan sampah, serta penambangan batu karang menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan keanekaragaman karang.