The Influence of Rootstock on Fruit Ethylene, Respiration, Index of Absorbance Difference, Fruit Quality, and Production of ‘Aztec Fuji’ Apple under a Full-crop Condition

Selection of dwarfing rootstocks that facilitate optimum production of high-quality fruit is crucial in modern high-density apple orchards. In addition to tree growth and yield, rootstocks can influence fruit maturity of scion cultivars in apples. In this study, the impact of 17 rootstocks on fruit maturity, yield, and quality attributes of ‘Aztec Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) at harvest were evaluated in a season when all trees were in a “full-crop” condition. Keeping sealed fruit at room temperature, a typical climacteric pattern was observed in ethylene evolution, respiration, and oxygen consumption, peaking after 5–7 days in fruit from trees on all rootstocks. During the ripening period, ethylene evolution and respiration rates in fruit from trees on Supp.3, G.3001, and G.202 were often in the high-range category, whereas those on CG.4004, CG.4214, G.41N, and B.9 were in the midrange category and those on M.9Pajam2, M.26EMLA, and G.11 were in the low-range category. Evolved ethylene and respiration in fruit from trees on M9.T337 steadily and slowly increased from 7 days after harvest (7DAH) to 13 days after which harvest (13DAH) ethylene sharply increased, signaling occurrence of climacteric peak, while respiration declined after the peak of 13DAH. In fruit from trees on most rootstocks, the rates of oxygen consumption had inverse relationships with the rates of respiration, so that fruit from trees on M9.T337 had higher and those on G.41N and Supp.3 had lower rates of oxygen consumption. Trees on G.41N, CG.4004, and M.26EMLA had higher and those on CG.4003 had lower yield per tree than trees on other rootstocks. Trees on B.9 and M.9T337 were most yield efficient among trees on all rootstocks. Trees on CG.4004 had larger fruits than those on other rootstocks. Considering all fruit maturity, quality, and yield attributes, CG.4004 seems to be a good choice of rootstock for ‘Aztec Fuji’ under the conditions of this study.

Aspectos determinantes para a prática de atividade física em escolares

Procurando entender o declínio da atividade física objetivou-se identificar as barreiras e facilitadores para a prática de atividade física em estudantes de 11 a 16 anos da Região Sudeste do Estado de São Paulo e do Norte Pioneiro do Paraná. A amostra foi composta por 121 estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas. Para investigar as barreiras e os facilitadores foi utilizado um questionário de estilo de vida adaptado para brasileiros, de forma online, pela plataforma do Google Docs, composto por 25 perguntas fechadas. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados por meio do Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), versão 26.0 e foi aplicado o Teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Os principais resultados foram: o principal facilitador para a prática de atividade física foi o incentivo da família. A falta de orientação profissional, apesar de não trazer um resultado estatisticamente significativo, apresentou valores expressivos (G - 11 a 14: 45,9%; G - 15 a 16: 40%). Já a falta de companhia, para o grupo G - 15 a 16 anos, se mostrou uma barreira, trazendo valor estatístico significativo (p=0,028).

Achtjährige Erfahrungen mit der Apfelunterlage M200

Für einen Zeitraum von 8 Jahren wurde die vom Institut NIAB-EMR (East Malling, UK) stammende Unterlage M200 in einem Gemeinschaftsversuch zwischen dem „Versuchszentrum Laimburg“ (Italien) und dem „Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Rheinpfalz“ in Klein-Altendorf (Deutschland) geprüft. Ein positiver Aspekt der Unterlage sind ihre höheren Baumerträge im Vergleich zu M9 T337, bei einer ähnlichen Fruchtqualität. Die glatte Oberfläche der Unterlage ist fast frei von Wurzelfeldern. Auch Wurzelaustriebe sind sehr selten im Unterschied zu M9 T337. M200 hat keine höhere Toleranz gegenüber Bodenmüdigkeit gezeigt als M9 T337: Vor allem im Pflanzjahr und im 2. Standjahr wurden Wachstums- und Ertragsdefizite auf unbehandeltem Boden festgestellt, ähnlich wie bei M9 T337, G 11 und G 41. M200 wächst am Versuchszentrum Laimburg allerdings signifikant stärker als M9 T337, was im Nachbau oder in Kombination mit schwachwüchsigen Sorten von Vorteil sein kann. In Klein-Altendorf liegt M200 in der Wüchsigkeit um M9 T337, wobei anzumerken ist, dass die neue Unterlage in den ersten 4 Standjahren höhere Triebzuwächse als M9 T337 erreicht. G 11 ist im Vergleich zu M200 in beiden Versuchen als schwächer einzustufen. Diese Divergenz der Resultate auf beiden Standorten bestätigt, dass in der Bewertung von Unterlagen Interaktionen zwischen Unterlage, Boden und klimatischen Bedingungen berücksichtigt werden müssen.

APPLICATION OF ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE ON EARTHQUAKE RESISTING STRUCTURE

— Beam column joint is an important component of a reinforced concrete moment resisting frame and should be designed and detailed properly when the frame is subjected to earthquake loading. Failure of beam column joints during earthquake is governed by bond and shear failure mechanism which are brittle in nature. Modern codes provide for reduction of seismic forces through provision of special ductility requirements. A beam column joint has been moulded to the scale of 1:1.5 and the model has been subjected to cyclic loading to find its behavior during earthquake. The earthquake resisting structure is G+11 and has been analyzed using the Seismic Coefficient Method. This paper presents a synthesis of strengthening design of reinforced concrete beam and column by replacing it with Ultra High-Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete.

On the unirationality of moduli spaces of pointed curves

We show that$$\mathcal {M}_{g,n}$$Mg,n, the moduli space of smooth curves of genusgtogether withnmarked points, is unirational for$$g=12$$g=12and$$2 \le n\le 4$$2≤n≤4and for$$g=13$$g=13and$$1 \le n \le 3$$1≤n≤3, by constructing suitable dominant families of projective curves in$$\mathbb {P}^1 \times \mathbb {P}^2$$P1×P2and$$\mathbb {P}^3$$P3respectively. We also exhibit several new unirationality results for moduli spaces of smooth curves of genusgtogether withnunordered points, establishing their unirationality for$$g=11, n=7$$g=11,n=7and$$g=12, n =5,6$$g=12,n=5,6.

The Ti, Mn, and Na oxide distribution in kimberlite pyropes of Angola as criterion of diamond grade

<p>To determine diamond grade <strong>Ti, Mn, and Na in</strong>  pyropes from kimberlites of the Angola diamond-bearing sub-province, the triangular diagrams of their ratios is proposed. The JX-8230 microprobe, allows determining the composition of minerals by WDS and EDS spectrometers simultaneously.</p><p>The diagrams Fig.1 shows the compositions of these oxides in pyropes with their breakdown into cluster groups (CG) of Dawson J.B., Stephens W.E. classifications [3]. It complements the generally accepted diagrams [1,2,3] and creates an opportunity to determine the degree of diamond content of kimberlites and their belonging to the same field or cluster of kimberlite pipes. The diagrams shows the ratio of oxides of the main trace elements in pyropes of Angola kimberlites with diamonds and dots – Mn, Ti and Na in the diamondiferous kimberlites  (Luele, Chyuzu) and in empty ones (Shandongu, Lx 150).</p><p>The Na<sub>2</sub>O content for the compositions of low-chromium pyropes is the main sign of their crystallization with diamonds, which is reflected in the Na<sub>2</sub>O-TiO<sub>2</sub> diagram by J. Gurney [2].</p><p>The<strong> </strong>TiO<sub>2</sub> is undoubtedly an important and significant impurity oxide that determines diamond content and tthe CG of pyropes according to Dawson J.B., Stephens W.E. [3]: its content in G3, G10, G9 is low, <0,3; in G1 – medium, 0,3-0,6 and G2 – high,> 0,6 wt.%.</p><p>The MnO content in kimberlite pyropes, as a rule, does not exceed 0,6 wt%. Changes in the contents of this oxide can occur in the process of metasomatic transformations of pyropes, which affects the diamond content in kimberlites [4].</p><p>From the presented diagrams (Fig. 1) it can be seen that 97,5% of the compositions of pyrope grains from the highly productive kimberlites of the Luele pipe lie in the diamond-bearing contour, while high-magnesian-chromium pyropes CG G10, whose share is 46%, together with pyropes CG G9 – 21%, evenly distributed over this area and prevail over the rest of the CG. Medium-high titanium CG G1-G4 and G-11 are compactly concentrated in the lower area of ​​the diamond-bearing contour, next to the low-titanium G3.</p><p>In low diamondiferous kimberlites of the Chyuzu pipe, about 65% of pyrope grains fall into the diamondiferous contour, while the compositions of CG G10 and G9 are represented by less than 10% of grains, 90% of grains are high-medium titanium CG G1, G2 and G11, and the compositions of single pyropes CG G3 shifted to the upper region of the diamondiferous contour.</p><p>The non-diamond pipes Shandongu and Lx-150 are also characterized by the displacement of CG G10 (16% and 7%, respectively) and G9 to the upper part of the diagram, with a predominance of the proportion of pyropes G9, with an outflow of diamond content up to 30-50% of the grain compositions. The proportion of high-titanium CG G1, G2, and G11 (up to 25% in the Lx-150 pipe) is quite large here, most of the compositions of which go beyond the diamond-bearing contour of kimberlites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions </strong></p><p>New JX-8230 microprobe allows quantitative determination of trace elements in kimberlite pyropes. Diagram MnO, Na2O, TiO2 give additional criteria for kimberlite diamond grade</p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gnp.740f2575270067701801161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=e5ebc4337403a0b471a73065767dbccf&ct=x&pn=gnp.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gnp.18478d85270061011801161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=acbf9ed8729dd104e52b66fbb5ce356b&ct=x&pn=gnp.elif&d=1" alt=""></p>

Effects of type I Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) genes on soybean (Glycine max L.) seed composition

Type I Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) catalyzes the final step of the biosynthesis process of triacylglycerol (TAG), the major storage lipids in plant seeds, through the esterification of diacylglycerol (DAG). To characterize the function of DGAT1 genes on the accumulation of oil and other seed composition traits in soybean, transgenic lines were generated via trans-acting siRNA technology, in which three DGAT1 genes (Glyma.13G106100, Glyma.09G065300, and Glyma.17G053300) were downregulated. The simultaneous downregulation of the three isoforms in transgenic lines was found to be associated with the reduction of seed oil concentrations by up to 18 mg/g (8.3%), which was correlated with increases in seed protein concentration up to 42 mg/g (11%). Additionally, the downregulations also influenced the fatty acid compositions in the seeds of transgenic lines through increasing the level of oleic acid, up to 121 mg/g (47.3%). The results of this study illustrate the importance of DGAT1 genes in determining the seed compositions in soybean through the development of new potential technology for manipulating seed quality in soybean to meet the demands for its various food and industrial applications.

Hyaluronidase and degranulation inhibitors from the edible roots of Oenanthe javanica including seric acids F and G that were obtained by heating

ABSTRACT Oenanthe javanica is a vegetable grown in East Asia and Australia in which the roots and aerial parts are boiled together to make certain traditional dishes. Nineteen compounds (1-19) were isolated from O. javanica roots and the chemical structures of 2 new norlignans were determined. The inhibitory effects of the compounds on hyaluronidase and degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells were evaluated to determine antiallergic and antiinflammation activities. Saponins (2-4) and the new norlignan seric acid G (12) were among the active compounds identified. Seric acid G (12), a methoxy derivative of seric acid F (11), was obtained as an interconverting mixture of 3:1 trans-cis isomers. Seric acids F and G (11, 12) were derived from seric acids C (10) and E, respectively, by decarboxylation and dehydration reactions that occurred during heating. It was confirmed by HPLC analysis that all eleven of the O. javanica cultivars contained seric acid C (10).

The Effect of Sleep Deprivation and Restriction on Mood, Emotion, and Emotion Regulation: Three Meta-Analyses in One

Study objectives New theory and measurement approaches have facilitated nuanced investigation of how sleep loss impacts dimensions of affective functioning. To provide a quantitative summary of this literature, three conceptually related meta-analyses examined the effect of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation across the lifespan (i.e., from early childhood to late adulthood). Method A total of 241 effect sizes from 64 studies were selected for inclusion, and multilevel meta-analytic techniques were used when applicable. Results There was a moderate, positive effect of sleep loss on negative mood (g = .45), which was stronger for studies with younger samples, as well as a large, negative effect of sleep loss on positive mood (g = -.93); type of sleep manipulation (i.e., restriction or deprivation) did not moderate either effect. After correcting for publication bias, a modest but significant negative effect emerged for the effect of sleep on emotion (g = .11); the valence of emotional stimuli did not change the direction of this effect, and type of sleep manipulation was also not a significant moderator. Finally, sleep restriction had a small, negative effect on adaptive emotion regulation (g = -.32), but no significant impact on maladaptive emotion regulation (g = .14); all studies on adaptive emotion regulation were conducted with youth samples. Conclusions Sleep loss compromises optimal affective functioning, though the magnitude of effects varies across components. Findings underscore the importance of sleep for healthy affective outcomes.