Scientific Analysis and Conservation Treatment on the Buddhist Scriptures of Paper Relics Excavated from Sum Tolgoi, Mongolia

This study analyzed the composition and structure of materials with Buddhist paper scriptures excavated from architectural sites in ‘Sum Tolgoi’ of the 17th century and carried out conservation treatment base on the result of the analysis. The scriptures were covered in dust and foreign sub stances, and were so crumpled that it was impossib le to identify the form. The damage, loss, and discoloration have been identified. Buddhist scriptures written in Tibetan used indigo and ink sticks on paper as a result of UV-Vis analysis, and ink sticks as black character materials from scriptures written ancient Mongolian. SEM-EDS and Micro-XRF analyses revealed that the outlines were drawn with red lines using a mix of Minium (Pb3O4) and Cinnabar (HgS), or Cinnabar (HgS) alone, and the contents of the scriptures were written with silver paint. Silver chloride (AgCl) and Calcium (Ca) were identified in the silver paint component of the characters, while Calcium and Orpiment (As2S3) were identified in the yellow lines. Concerning the paper ground, Buddhist scriptures written in ancient Mongolian were characterized by herbal plant fiber and bast fiber, and those written in Tibetan, by bast fiber. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the paper for the scriptures was produced b etween the 15th and 17th centuries. Conservation treatment of the scriptures was carried out based on the experiment on the production of pre-coated paper and how to coat that to prevent the second damage due to the deformation and fragility of the excavated paper. The scriptures were preserved and mounted, and a neutral box was made to identify the contents of the scriptures recorded on both sides after the treatment. This conservation treatment is the result of a study that applied new conservation treatment materials and methods according to the principle of conservation treatment reversibility.

The Significance of Phytochemicals on Periodontal Health

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disorder of tooth-supporting tissues that affects almost 90% of the population worldwide. The treatment of periodontal disease involved mechanical therapy, surgery, and administration of antibiotics. The high cost of the treatment and bacterial resistance to certain antibiotics regime has led to the search for the alternative treatment to overcome the disease at less cost and side effects. Natural products had been proven to be an important source in developing modern medicine to promote general health. Herbal plant extracts had been widely used in oral health particularly to prevent bacterial plaque adherence and dental caries. In periodontal disease, several studies and reviews have documented that herbal plant extracts had the potential to prevent and treat periodontitis through their active ingredients associated with antimicrobials, antiinflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. The sources to obtain the herbs are readily available and economical to produce in the market. Some of the herbs had been marketed for public uses in the form of toothpaste and mouth rinses. This review is an attempt to outline the importance of herbal medicine to provide potential effective and economical medicaments for periodontal disease and its significance for further clinical research in the future.

Review: Neuroprotective effect of herbal plant extracts against Parkinson's disease

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the exist of alpha-synuclein aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Among the various types of neuroprotective therapy, natural products are potential therapeutic agents for PD. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the neuroprotective effect of herbal plant extracts against Parkinson's Disease (PD). Method: The search strategy was carried out on electronic databases, namely Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. There are 111 scientific journals that have been filtered into 20 scientific journals which are international journals published in the last 5 years (2015-2020). The keywords used include Parkinson's Disease, Neuroprotective Effects, Neuroprotection, Plant Extracts, Natural Products and Parkinson's Disease Model. Results: Several experimental studies have shown the neuroprotective ability of various plant extracts to protect against neurotoxicity, through several neuroprotective pathways including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antiapoptotic activity. Conclusion: Herbal plant extracts have been shown to have strong neuroprotective effects, making them as potential drug candidates for prevention or treatment of Parkinson's Disease (PD). There are Mucuna pruriens, Centella asiatica, Camellia sinensis, Ginkgo biloba, and Uncaria rhynchophylla. Keywords: Parkinson's Disease (PD), neuroprotective, extract.

Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Herbal Soap

Bacterial skin infections are most common amongst people, requiring significant attention for treatment and also for maintaining healthy skin. Some herbal plant extracts and their oils were found to have antibacterial activity. The aim and objective of the present study are to formulate and evaluate anti-bacterial herbal soap using Azadirachta indica, Ocimum tenuiflorum oils. The antibacterial activity of the prepared formulations was tested using the agar well diffusion method against the organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and, Escherichia coli and they exhibited a good anti-bacterial effect. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters for which good characteristics were observed. The easy availability of plants and their effectiveness helps manufacturers with cost-effective benefits and with less or no side effects.

Aloe Vera as an Antidiabetic and Wound Healing Agent for Diabetic Patients

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that has been prevalent among the population and has been reported to rise worldwide at an alarming rate. Diabetes puts a person through a lot of risk to his or her life because of the late complications developed with time if this is not cured. It affects some metabolic processes related to lipid and glucose such that they further can lead to liver and kidney disorders. An evergreen, herbal, plant which is called aloe vera is a health remedy and in large demand these days because of its ability to cure many diseases. The present study is designed for the purpose to examine and check the efficacy of aloe vera to cure diabetes, reducing the risk of complications and also reducing the chance of liver and kidney dysfunction. The glucose level in the patient and lipid profile status is also an important part of studying effectiveness. It is also known that a therapeutic drug already is responsible to cure the disease but as it is a chemical compound, so it is important to note the side effects of the same on the patient’s health, no matter how effective the drug is. To reduce this risk, the therapeutic drug in low quantity is combined with aloe vera extract to enhance effectiveness and lower down the side effects in patients. The aloe vera extract has also shown benefit in increasing the rate of the wound healing process in diabetic patients because of the problem of lack in their cell’s ability to recover and heal the wound. Clinical trials have also become the evidence of proving the fact about the anti-diabetic nature of aloe vera so that in the future all the chemical drugs may get replaced by herbal plant active components to reduce health problems in most people.

Assimilation dynamics of saline soil areas by cultivating biomeliorant herbal plant in the lower Amudarya region

5 types of herbal plants (Herbal Chamomile, Herbal Clove, Dyed Royan, Peppermint, Liquorice) were developed for growth and development, productivity and primary agro-technics of their cultivation in the saline soils of Khorezm region. Bio-ecological and bio-melioration properties of salt-tolerant herbal plants as assimilators in the process of assimilation of saline soils were studied. The adaptor-genetic potential of the selected herbal plants as a plant that assimilates in moderately and strongly saline soils was determined. The agrochemical properties of the soil and its mechanism have been developed in the process of bio-melioration carried out using the cultivation of assimilating herbal plants.

Pengetahuan masyarakat dan pemanfaatan tanaman obat keluarga di desa toya aikmel utara

Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA) is an alternative in achieving GERMAS (Healthy Living Community Movement) as an effort to achieve traditional independent health. The success of the use of TOGA is strongly influenced by the level of public knowledge about the benefits of the type of medicinal plants which has been empirically investigated. The data obtained is qualitative data with descriptive approach analysis method. Data collection was carried out by conducting observations, interviews and technical training to the community in an effort to provide knowledge about TOGA and the creation of a TOGA demonstration plot. The results obtained from this activity are the emergence of public awareness of the use of home yard land for the manufacture of living pharmacies as an effort to achieve independent health and the emergence of public interest in the use of TOGA as a UMKM product in the form of packaged drink sachets as a pilot. The importance of public knowledge about TOGA is needed in supporting the success of achieving independent health and efforts to utilize local biological resources in initiating the manufacture of herbal plant-based UMKM products.

MELANSIA: PEMBERDAYAAN LANSIA ANTI-STRES DI PANTI WERDHA DENGAN METODE BERKEBUN TANAMAN HERBAL

Health care for elderly must be aimed for maintaining a productive and healty life. Unfortunately, most of the activities carried out by the nursing home are restricted, it's causing the elderly being less activities. Planting is one of the activites that can be overcome the issue. Planting activities can be used as an intervention technique and connection to nature that is used as a therapy and rehabilitation program. The aimed of this program is to empower the elderly for stay healthy and productive through the planting of herbal plants. This program was carried out at the Tresna Werdha Social Home, Budi Mulia 3, South Jakarta which was held from June to September 2021 by blended (offline : online = 60 : 40). This program includes 10 series of activities that is consist of planting herbal plants, education, and nutrition consultation. This program was followed by 16 participant which is 13 female and 3 male elderly and including nursing home staff. Based on the results of the activity, there was a significant increase in the proportion of the elderly with a high level of spiritual well-being up to 88%. It can be concluded that Melansia is a solution in anti-stress training for elderly during the pandemic through farming herbal plant activities that are proven to reduce stress levels in the elderly, and can increase the level of spiritual well-being and physical activity of the elderly.

Cytotoxicity of Mangrove Leaves (Rhizophora) Ethanolic Extract on Cancer Cells

Cancer is a disease that can attack any part of the body when the abnormal cells begin to grow uncontrollably beyond the limit, then attack the connected parts of the body and spread to other organs. The mangrove (Rhizophora) is a herbal plant that can be used as a treatment for various diseases, one of which is cancer. The mangrove (Rhizophora) plant contains phytochemicals ranging from fruit, seeds, leaves and roots. This review article aims to examine the cytotoxicity effects of mangrove (Rhizophora) plants on cancer cells. The library sources in this article review use the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The inclusion criteria used were articles containing the cytotoxic test of mangrove (Rhizophora) with the last 10 years of publication (2011-2020), original research, there were results of anticancer activity in the form of IC50 and research using mangrove (Rhizophora). plant extracts. The exclusion criteria used were articles that did not contain a full text, used plants with different genus, did not have an IC50 value and were not original research. From the journals that have been analyzed, it can be said that the extract of the mangrove (Rhizophora) plant can be developed for cancer treatment. The mangrove (Rhizophora) plant has cytotoxic activity because it contains active compounds in the form of phenolic, flavonoids and terpenoids. Based on the results of the cytotoxic test of mangrove (Rhizophora) extract, the plant parts that have the strongest cytotoxic effect are fruit.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Aggregatibacter aphrophilus in a Kenyan Maasai Adolescent Population and Inhibition of Leukotoxic Activity by Herbal Plants Used as Part of Oral Hygiene Procedures

Background: A virulent genotype (JP2) of the periodonto-pathogen, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), is widespread in North and West Africa, while its presence in East Africa has not been thoroughly investigated. This JP2 genotype is associated with periodontitis in adolescents and has a high leukotoxicity. The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of Aa and its JP2 genotype, the prevalence of the oral, commensal Aggregatibacter aphrophilus in a Maasai adolescent population, and the effect of herbal plants for inhibition of leukotoxicity. Methods: A total of 284 adolescents from Maasai Mara, Kenya, underwent an oral examination and microbial sampling. The presence of Aa and A. aphrophilus was analyzed by quantitative PCR and cultivation (the 58 samples collected at the last day of field study). The collected Aa strains were characterized and leukotoxin promoter typed. Additionally, herbal plants commonly used for oral hygiene were assessed for the inhibition of leukotoxicity. Results and Conclusions: The prevalence of Aa in stimulated whole saliva was high (71.8%), with the JP2 genotype detected in one individual, and A. aphrophilus in 99% of the sampled individuals. The commonly used herbal plant, Warburgia ugandensis, inactivated Aa leukotoxicity. The Aa virulence might be reduced through use of W. ugandensis and the high levels of A. aphrophilus.