From the Experience of Expert Assessment of Illegal Logging of Forest Stands

The article presents the results of an expert assessment of the thinning out of forest stands on the territory of the N district of the Kirov region based on field studies. Fieldwork consisted of recalculating and measuring the diameters of stumps left after felling trees, establishing their species composition and quality condition to determine the volume of harvested wood in the context of species. The stumps found were identified as pine (70 %), spruce, birch, and aspen.The authors reveal that the release forest cutting was carried out within the boundaries of the designated cutting area with an excess of the established volume of wood harvesting for the prime breed (pine). The volume of felled pinewood exceeded 2.5 times; for other species, these data is more than 70 % lower than declared. At the same time, the total actual volume of the withdrawn wood does not exceed the data of the forest declaration. Based on the revealed violation of the forest legislation and the relevant regulatory documents, the authors have calculated the amount of damage caused to the forest plantation due to illegal logging of pine wood in the volume of 297 m3. The damage amounted to more than 4 million rubles.

The Concept of Sustainable Development in accordance with Forestry Legislation

Forest legislation plays a significant role in ensuring sustainable development, since the forest area occupies more than half of the country’s territory. Despite the constant improvement of forestry legislation, the number of problems in the forestry sector does not decrease. Thus, it is not possible to reduce the number of forest fires that occur annually, or the area of forests that die from harmful microorganisms. The paper presents the factors that led to the emergence of systemic problems in the development of the forestry complex, regulation and management in the field of forestry and related relations. The general concept of sustainable development is interpreted ambiguously in regulations and literature. By the early 1990s the number of definitions of sustainable development began to reach several dozen, and since then has increased even more. The paper attempts to develop the author’s concept of sustainable development in forestry legislation, analyzes the latest regulatory legal acts, identifies directions for ensuring sustainable development by forestry legislation, and draws conclusions on the research topic.

Forest legislation of Peter the great: traditions and innovations

Russian Tsar Peter Alekseevich, who went down in history as a reformer and the first Russian emperor, in his activities to transform the patriarchal Moscow kingdom into the modern Russian Empire affected almost all spheres of state activity. He did not lose his attention and forest legislation. According to the authors of the article, Peter created the foundations of forest legislation, the main feature of which was the protection of state interest to the detriment of the private. Thus, the authors of the article believe, that Peter’s etatist views were clearly manifested in his forest legislation. At the same time, it should be noted that when developing forest laws, Peter was forced to take into account tradition and apply innovations to established customs. According to the authors, this explains the contradiction of Peter's forest legislation. At the same time, the authors believe that Peter was forced to solve problems that can be called environmental, defending state interest in forest management.

From the History of the State Regulation of Public Relations in the Forest Sector in the Irkutsk Province at the Turn of the 19th-20th Centuries

Based on the analysis of the content and application of the law of the Russian Empire of the second half of the XIX — early XX centuries, regulating public relations in the forest sphere, the operating features of one of the most important institutions of nature management in the Irkutsk province, such as legal responsibility for violations of forest legislation, are considered. The foundation of this institution is an important manifestation of the formation of the environmental law system in the region. The conclusion about the general positive results of the spread of the all-Russian legislation to the territory of the Baikal region during this period is made. The regional features of the institution of legal responsibility for violations in the field of forest law are stated with the priority of its compensatory and regulatory functions. The increasing role of forestry departments as structures that carry out prosecution (in comparison with the judicial system), as well as the practice of administrative procedure for resolving cases of violations and imposing monetary penalties on violators, is emphasized.

Journal "Lesa Respubliki" as a Source on the History of Forest Policy of the RSFSR in 1918-1919

The article provides a source analysis of the journal "Lesa Respubliki", published in the RSFSR in 1918-1919 and which was the official press organ of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. Issues of forest policy gained particular relevance after the revolutionary events of 1917, the abolition of all types of forest ownership, a radical restructuring of the entire state apparatus and the rejection of forest legislation of pre-revolutionary Russia. The journal discussed various directions of development of the forestry sector of the national economy of Soviet Russia. Special attention was paid to the issues of forestry legislation, the system of local and central government, forest protection, the development of forest trade and industry, staffing of forestry, and the organization of specialized education. Under the influence of the civil war and the deepest socioeconomic crisis associated with it, the issue of providing fuel to industrial enterprises, transport, Soviet institutions and individual citizens acquired the most acute sound. The journal "Lesa Respubliki" is a valuable source in the study of the genesis of the national state forest policy.

Formation and improvement f organizational and economic bases of forestry production in state forestry in Ukraine and Podillia region

Some issues on the historical formation of Podillia region of modern Ukraine and the formation of forestry in it are covered. It practically begins and acquires social meaning in the second half of the twentieth century. This means the use of land provided to economic entities (forestries) for growing wood as their main forestry product. The same applies to the cultivation and sale of natural resources related to forestry, secondary forest materials, services of various contents, etc. It is highlighted that the Forest Code of Ukraine has cunningly replaced the object of labor and use of the natural resource «Earth» with forest resources. The issues are somewhat complicated by the use of tax indicators and forms of their analysis and publication without their adaptation to the UN-ECE / FAO Standard Statistical Classification of Land Use and without the necessary grouping by forest and environmental components. The Government of Ukraine approves the Resolution «On Approval of the Procedure for Division of Forests into Categories and Allocation of Specially Protected Forest Areas», which does not bring national forest legislation closer to it. In this way, the further growth of non-timber forest lands at least 3 times or more in comparison with the leading European countries was legitimized. The necessity of improving the content of the current Forest Code of Ukraine, as well as finalization and updating of the Instruction on forest management in the state forestry of Ukraine is proved. The availability of statistical and reporting information on the state of forests of the State Forest Agency of Ukraine for state-owned enterprises of the past allows to update the relevant reporting indicators while adapting them to the norms of European forestry. The proposed measures are aimed at improving forest legislation, as well as the formation of measures in the practical activities of forest management and the work of managers using its materials in forestry.

Culturally Immersed Legal Terminology on the Example of Forest Regulations in Poland, The United Kingdom, The United States of America and Germany

The importance of forests is reflected in the national forest legislation which has been developed and implemented in European countries over recent years. Due to regional and national specificities, forest regulations include culturally immersed terms specific to the described area. The aim of this paper is to analyses the culturally driven legal terms existing in specific legal regulations concerning forestry in Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Poland, and identify possible ways of translating them. In order to take the interdisciplinary nature of the issue into account, the degree of hybridity of the selected texts will be examined by means of corpus analysis. The methodology applied in the paper uses a comparative approach. Additionally, the authors also resort to the aforementioned corpus analysis, as well as the analysis of comparable texts and the analysis of terminology according to the three categories of equivalence as determined by Šarčević (New Approach to Legal translation, Kluwer Law International, Hague, 1997), and the techniques of providing equivalents for non-equivalent or partially equivalent terms (Matulewska A, in: Lingua Legis in Translation, Peter Lang Publishing House, 2007) as research methods. The material used for analysis comes from selected German, English and Polish legal acts regulating forest management and maintenance that are considered as corpora for the selection of culturally immersed terminology, namely: (i) the Polish Act on Forests of 28th September 1991 [Ustawa z dnia 28 września 1991 r. o lasach], (ii) Title 16 U.S. Code Chapter 2—National Forests, (iii) Forestry Act 1967, Chapter 10 (the United Kingdom), (iv) German Forestry Act 1975 [Gesetz zur Erhaltung des Waldes und zur Förderung der Forstwirtschaft (Bundeswaldgesetz) von 1975]. The paper concerns potential problems that could occur in the translation of culturally immersed legal terminology due to the terms’ rigidity and high degree of specificity. The studies presented will allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the possibilities and strategies for translating culturally immersed terms. In addition, the availability of terminological dictionaries for these language pairs will be discussed.

Supply and Regulation Services Provided by Re-greened Landscapes in the Sahel: Case of Two Villages’ Clusters Dan Saga and Tabofatt in Niger Republic

The objective of this study is to assess the importance of the supply and regulation services provided by the regreened landscapes in certain anthropized areas of Sahel zone. The methodology used is based on a socioeconomic survey coupled with an inventory of woody vegetation in agroforestry parks in two villages’ clusters: Dan Saga and Tabofatt. Ethnobotanical analysis tools and allometric equations are applied on the data collected. These led to three main results. First, a total of 43 and 34 species registered are used in six (6) usages, such as food, forage, technological, energetic, and medicinal uses respectively both in Dan Saga and Tabofatt cluster. Second, the two landscapes contain a remarkable specific flora diversity which contributes not only to soil fertility but also to sequester 6.04±0.236 and 4.5 9±0.568 tCO2.ha-1 respectively at Dan Saga and Tabofatt. And thirdly in the landscapes of two clusters the amount of woody species inventoried, meets the amount of social use requirements. These results show that scaling up of regreening program should focus on promoting useful species through updating the current forest legislation.

Emergence levels of pine shoot beetles from roundwood piles of Scots pine and the cascading damage in the surrounding forests

Bark beetles are amongst the most aggressive pest agents of coniferous forests. Due to this, many boreal countries have designated laws aiming to lower the risk of bark beetle epidemics. Finland’s forest legislation has pre-emptive measures targeted against bark beetles, and for Scots pine ( L.), the law concerns pine shoot beetles ( spp.). This study used data collected around 25 piles of Scots pine roundwood that were harvested in the winter but left in the forest until the following November. Thus, the pine shoot beetles were able to use the piles for breeding. We assessed the number of emerged insects from the piles and the cascading damage they caused in the surrounding forests. All roundwood piles, regardless of their volume, were used by the beetles for breeding. Highest densities of beetle exit holes were found from the parts of the log with thick and intact bark. If the bark of the log was damaged by the harvester head, the number of beetles decreased significantly. Depending on the volume of the roundwood pile, the cascading damage (fallen shoots) was noticeable up to ca. 40–60 m from the roundwood pile. Storing of piles smaller than 50 m did not cause excess damage. The number of fallen shoots per tree was generally below the known thresholds for when growth losses can occur. However, the study was conducted in mature forests, and it can be assumed that the recorded damage levels would severely affect the growth of young pines, raising the question of where to store the roundwood. As with other bark beetles, the role of beetles as damage agents may change in the future, but based on this as well as past studies, the species can be viewed as a notable damage agents only around long-term wood storage sites in the current northern conditions.Pinus sylvestrisTomicus3Tomicus