Discovery of Novel Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols from the Fruits of Garcinia xanthochymus as Antitumor Agents by Suppressing the STAT3 Signaling

Pharmacologic studies have revealed that polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) collectively exhibit a broad range of biological activities, including antineoplastic potential. Here, six new PPAPs, named garcixanthochymones F–K (3, 5, 7, 8, 11, and 15), together with nine known analogues were isolated from the fruits of Garcinia xanthochymus. Their structures were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data, including UV, HRESIMS, and NMR, and quantum chemical calculations. All the isolated PPAPs were tested for anti-proliferative activity against four human tumor cell lines, including SGC7901, A549, HepG2, and MCF-7. Most of the PPAPs possessed high anti-proliferative activity with IC50 values in the range of 0.89 to 36.98 μM, and significant apoptosis was observed in MCF-7 cells exposed to compounds 2 and 5. Besides, docking results showed that compounds 2 and 5 could strongly combine with the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of STAT3 via hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction, which is one of the key oncogenes and crucial therapeutic targets. Furthermore, compounds 2 and 5 efficiently downregulated the expression of p-STAT3Tyr705 and pivotal effector proteins involved in oncogenic signaling pathways of MCF-7 cells.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE UTILIZATION OF FOREST FRUITS IN BATAK TOBA COMMUNITY

Batak Toba community who live in the surrounding forests utilise forest-fruits that grow around their settlement. This research aims to describe the important value of the forest fruits using the Local Users Value Index (LUVI) assessment as most of the fruits have not yet been traded. The research was conducted in Simardangiang and Sitoluama Villages in North Tapanuli Regency, 2015. Data collection was done by interviewing 65 respondents selected purposively based on gender and age classification. The results showed that there were 29 species of forest fruits utilised by the community. They were categorised into four utilisation types: fresh fruit, flavouring fruit, processed fruit, and medicines. In Simardangiang Village, the five most important fruits were kapundung or menteng (Baccaurea racemose) (0.56), hopong (Macaranga lowii) (0.52), sotul, santol or sentul (Sandoricum koetjape) (0.48), harimonting or kemunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) (0.47), and habo or kabau (Archidendron bubalinum) (0.42). Meanwhile, in Sitoluama Village, the five most important fruits were kapundung (Baccaurea racemosa) (0.50), hopong (Macaranga lowii) (0.41), sihim or rotan manau (Calamus manan) (0.32), handis or gamboge (Garcinia xanthochymus) (0.32), and mobe (Artocarpus dadah) (0.19). The numbers in parentheses are the important value based on LUVI. The forest fruits that have domestication potency are kapundung (Baccaurea racemose), hopong (Macaranga Iowii), sihim (Calamus manan), handis (Garcinia xanthochymus), mobe (Artocarpus dadah), harimonting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), sotul (Sandorium koetjape) and habo (Archidendron bubalinum).

Suplementasi Ekstrak Asam Kandis (Garcinia xanthochymus) dalam Air Minum terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid Kuning Telur dan Komposisi Kimia Daging dan Telur Puyuh

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of Garcinia xanthochymus extract in drinking water on the quail meat and eggs quality (fat content, protein content) and malondialdehyde (MDA) on egg yolk. This study used female quails (132 tails) aged 42 days, which were kept for 6 weeks, and then divided into four groups treatments of drinking water, and 3 replications each treatment. The method used was a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with P0 (control), P1 (pH 4), P2 (pH 3), P3 (pH 2). The variables observed were moisture content, crude fat content and crude protein content in quail meat and eggs but MDA only on yolk eggs. The results showed a significantly decreased (p<0.05) effect of Garcinia xanthochymus extract supplementation in drinking water on MDA levels of yolk quail eggs. However it had no significant effect on moisture content, crude fat content, and crude protein content in yolk quail eggs . The treatments had significantly increased crude protein in meat. It was concluded that giving extract of Garcinia Xanthochymus extract (kandis acid) at pH 2 in drinking water decreased the MDA content of quail egg yolks. Key words: antioxidant, Garcinia Xanthochymus, chemical compound of meat and egg, egg yolk MDA

Identification and Application of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia xanthochymus Hook. for Weed Management

The allelopathic potential of plant species and their related compounds has been increasingly reported to be biological tools for weed control. The allelopathic potential of Garcinia xanthochymus was assessed against several test plant species: lettuce, rapeseed, Italian ryegrass, and timothy. The extracts of G. xanthochymus leaves significantly inhibited all the test plants in a concentration- and species-specific manner. Therefore, to identify the specific compounds involved in the allelopathic activity of the G. xanthochymus extracts, assay-guided purification was carried out and two allelopathic compounds were isolated and identified as methyl phloretate {3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid methyl ester} and vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid). Both of the substances significantly arrested the cress and timothy seedlings growth. I50 values (concentrations required for 50% inhibition) for shoots and roots growth of the cress and timothy were 113.6–104.6 and 53.3–40.5 μM, respectively, for methyl phloretate, and 331.6–314.7 and 118.8–107.4 μM, respectively, for vanillic acid, which implied that methyl phloretate was close to 3- and 2-fold more effective than vanillic acid against cress and timothy, respectively. This report is the first on the presence of methyl phloretate in a plant and its phytotoxic property. These observations suggest that methyl phloretate and vanillic acid might participate in the phytotoxicity of G. xanthochymus extract.