A linguistic analysis of Heikki Ojansuu’s phonograph recordings of Kraasna

The South Estonian Kraasna subdialect was spoken until the first half of the 20th century by a now vanished community in Krasnogorodsk, Russia. All linguistic descriptions to date are based on textual sources, mostly manuscripts from Heikki Ojansuu’s 1911/12 and 1914 fieldwork. Ojansuu’s phonograph recordings were thought to be lost by previous researchers and remained unused. The rediscovery of these recordings allows for the first analysis of Kraasna based on spoken language data, closing gaps in the description and enabling further research. This description follows a theory-neutral and framework-free approach, while respecting traditions in Estonian linguistics and linking the results to research in Estonian dialectology. It provides key information on the Kraasna subdialect based on the corpus – phonology, morphology, syntax – despite being restricted to the phonograph recordings. Future research can expand on these points and build on the present description. Kokkuvõte. Tobias Weber: Heikki Ojansuu Kraasna murraku fonogrammide lingvistiline analüüs. Venemaal Pihkva oblastis Krasnogorodski ümbruses elanud Kraasna maarahvas rääkis lõunaeestipärast Kraasna murrakut 20. sajandi esimese pooleni. Kõik keeleteaduslikud käsitlused Kraasna murra- kust on siiani kasutanud kirjalikke allikaid, enamjaolt Heikki Ojansuu 1911.– 12. ning 1914. aastal kogunud käsikirju. Ojansuu tehtud fonogrammid arvati enne käesoleva uurimistöö tegemist olevat kadunud ning sellepärast pole neid varasemad uurijad kasutanud. Taasleitud helisalvestiste abil on selles artiklis kirjeldatud Kraasna murrakut esimest korda suulise kõne andmete alusel, täites lünki eelnevates analüüsides. Siinses kirjelduses järgitakse teoreetiliselt neutraalset deskriptiivset lähenemist, samas austades Eesti keeleteaduse traditsioone ja arvestades Eesti murdeuurimise varasemate tulemustega. Artikkel esitab Kraasna fonoloogia, morfoloogia ja süntaksi kohta põhiteavet, piirdudes aga korpuspõhise uurimusena fonogrammide keeleainesega. See on aluseks järgnevatele uurimisprojektidele, mis saavad käesolevat kirjeldust lähtekohaks kasutades arendada analüüsi edasi, seda laiendades ja süvendades.

ADOPTION OF IMPROVED FARM PRACTICES IN MAIZE BY THE FARMERS OF NUAPADA DISTRICT OF ODISHA

Maize (Zea Mays L.) is considered as a unique cereal crop for its diversified use and suitability under various cropping systems. In India it is the third largest cereal crop in terms of acreage. The present study was conducted in Khariar block of Nuapada district of Odisha. Descriptive research design was followed, since the present study is fact-finding and present description of the respondents as well as the area. There are 117 villages in the selected block out of that 12 villages were selected through Random sampling based on existence of Maize cultivation. From the above analysis, it was concluded that majority (85.00%) of respondents were male. Majority (45.00%) of the respondents belonged to both the age group of (20-35) years and (36-55) years. Majority (80.00%) of respondents were married. Majority (70.00%) of respondents were having annual income more than 51,000. Majority (35.00%) of respondents were having education qualification up to High School. Majority (60.00%) of respondents were having land holding of 1-2 hectare. Majority (75.00%) of respondents were occupation Maize Farming and other crops farming collectively. Majority (80.00%) of respondents were having joint family. Majority (65.00%) of respondents were having family size of more than 5 members. Majority (45.00%) of respondents were having semi-cemented house. Majority (40.00%) of respondents were having social participation in Farmers Society. Majority (65.00%) of respondents daily used mobile. Majority (70.00%) of respondents were having maize farming experience up to 1-20 years. Majority (45.00%) of respondents were having medium level knowledge regarding Maize Cultivation Practices. Majority the adoption of Improved Production Technology of Maize was found to be high that is 75.00 percent. According to the response from the respondents, non-performance of visit by agricultural personnel time to time ranked I for constraints faced by the respondents, Lack of hybrid seed ranked II, Lack of credit facility at time ranked III, Lack of proper resources and capital ranked IV and so on. According to the suggestions received from the respondents, Hybrid seed should be available in time, Credit should be available earlier and timely, Availability of fertilizers and other inputs should be in time, Technical advice and training should be given at right time and so on.

Metatarsals of a large caenagnathid cf. Anzu wyliei (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Hell Creek Formation in South Dakota, U.S.A.

Isolated metatarsals III and IV of a caenagnathid theropod likely referable to Anzu wyliei are described from a locality of the Hell Creek Formation in northwestern South Dakota of the U.S.A. These bones are missing from the holotype and only partial shafts have been described for a specimen referable to this species. Accordingly, the present description adds further anatomical information on this already well-known species of Caenagnathidae. The present finding also demonstrates the significance of isolated or fragmentary specimens found in multitaxic bone beds.

Theoretical and experimental researches on the implementation of smart location

The present paper considers the presentation of practical solutions for the realization of smart location, materialized through research on solutions for monitoring parameters and solutions for these locations. In this paper we present: description of the concept of smart location, structures and architectures, realization of a pilot installation of smart location and data aquisition. For these researches was used to monitor electro-mechanical radiation of its own design. We obtained the following results: realization and design of the elements of the housing components with the 123D Design program, processing with the Cura program, obtaining g-code files for transfer to 3D printing, monitors in real time and detects errors or deficiencies in location. The main objective of this paper is to propose a model of technical solution for an smart location, which can be applicable in the maritime field, respectively to ships in the engine room or other location onboard.

First record of Selaginella conduplicata Spring (Selaginellaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Northeastern Brazil

This is the first voucher-based record of Selaginella conduplicata Spring in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and the Brazilian Northeast. This species was considered restricted to the Amazon Basin, and here we report its occurrence beyond the Amazonian limits, expanding its distribution. Illustrations of the diagnostic characters of the species, information of geographic distribution and conservation status are presented. Besides, we present description as well as taxonomic and nomenclatural comments.

The tadpole of Hylodes caete (Anura: Hylodidae), an endemic Atlantic rainforest Torrent frog of Brazil

The genus Hylodes Fitzinger currently comprises 26 species of Torrent frogs, organized into four morphological taxonomic groups (Heyer 1982; Frost 2020): Hylodes glaber, H. lateristrigatus, H. mertensi, and H. nasus groups. Hylodes lateristrigatus is the most speciose group, comprising today 20 known species (Frost 2020). Nested in this group, a clade has been recovered based on molecular evidence, gathering the only four Hylodes species that are known to have males with nuptial thumb tubercles (de Sá et al. 2015; Malagoli et al. 2017). This well-supported clade includes H. phyllodes Heyer & Cocroft, Hylodes fredi Canedo & Pombal, H. pipilans Canedo & Pombal, and H. caete Malagoli, de Sá, Canedo & Haddad. Among these four Torrent frogs, tadpoles are unknown only for the most recently described H. caete (see tadpole descriptions in Heyer et al. 1990; Laia et al. 2010; Nogueira-Costa et al. 2019). With important taxonomic and conservation implications for the family Hylodidae (Laia & Rocha 2012), we describe here the tadpole of Hylodes caete, a species endemic to the crests and slopes of Serra do Mar, State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (Malagoli et al. 2017). The present description is particularly important because, in its type-locality, H. caete occurs in sympatry and syntopy with H. phyllodes (Malagoli et al. 2017).

Peperomia calcicola (Piperaceae), a new species from limestone outcrops of the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Peperomia calcicola is here described as a new species from the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. The species was found on limestone outcrops in the understory of rainforest in the Alto Ribeira State Tourist Park (PETAR). It is characterized by the unique combination of pilose to pubescent stems and leaves, the leaves 7–9-nerved, slightly discolorous, ovate to large lanceolate blades with acute apex and cordate to rounded base, and the spadix of 0.5–1.7 cm long. Here we present description, color photos, and taxonomic comparisons with the morphologically close taxa.

A new species of Eogruidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu, China: Evolutionary and climatic implications

Despite having one of the most robust fossil records within core-gruiform birds (rails, cranes, and allies), the biogeographic history of Gruidae (cranes) and key drivers of diversification within this group remain largely unknown. The Eogruidae of Eurasia represent some of the earliest known crane-like fossils. Here, we present description of a new species represented by a well-preserved specimen of a foot from the late Miocene (7–6.5 mya) Liushu Formation of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China. It is the only eogruid fossil that has been found in this formation and is the first eogruid known from northwest China. Linxia Basin is located along the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which allows for new insight into Miocene dispersal of the Eogruidae and potential climatological and geological connections. It is also the first specimen with an associated tarsometatarsus and nearly complete phalanges, including a claw, which provides further morphological information on this taxon. Referral of the new specimen to Eogruidae is based on extreme reduction of the trochlea of metatarsal II, which is most similar to the condition present in the eogruid subclade traditionally termed Ergilornithidae.

The surprising "B-side": description of a new foraging tactic for the pearl cichlid, Geophagus brasiliensis, in a coastal stream of the Atlantic Forest

A new foraging tactic for the pearl cichlid, Geophagus brasiliensis, is described from underwater observations performed in a coastal stream of the Atlantic Forest, Southeastern Brazil. Named "shift picking", the foraging tactic involved the manoeuvering of leaves, wood twigs and tree bark present in the substrate, with fish using its mouth to turn objects and uncover macroinvertebrates adhered to the underside of the object being picked ("B-side"). The object-shifting behaviour is rarely reported for fish and the present description seems to be the first record for a freshwater species of South America.

THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY IN ADOPTION OF NORMATIVE ACTS

The report describes the current problem - the disproportionately large increase in the number of normative acts. Such a situation frightens the society, creates distrust to the state administration and causes errors in adoption of normative acts, which shall be corrected. Therefore, the excessive increase in the number of normative acts is negative. Before adopting the normative acts, it is proposed to consider all possibilities for solving a specific problem. The importance of the principle of democracy in reducing the increase of normative acts has been raised. The aim of the report is to provide a general insight into the tasks of normative acts; to update general guidelines on the basis of the principle of democracy, which confirms that the adoption of normative acts should be evaluated in conjunction with the consideration of other criteria for solving a specific problem.The tasks of the research are the following: to update the connection of the adoption of normative acts with the essence of the principle of democracy; to analyse the growth rates of normative acts; to study the reasons for the increase in the number of normative acts; to put forward the principle of democracy as a limiter for the growth of normative acts. In the research, the grammatical method is used to present description of the normative acts adoption process, as well as to provide review of the reasons for the increase in the number of normative acts. The systemic method is used to assess the possibilities of interpreting the principle of democracy, based on the case law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Latvia and the legal doctrine. The analytical method is used to describe the disproportionately rapid increase of normative acts. The analytical method is applied to evaluate the possibilities of using the principle of democracy to reduce the number of normative acts. Using the teleological method, an increase in the number of normative acts is considered in the context of the essence of the principle of democracy.The results of the research are reflected in the main conclusions: the increase in the number of normative acts in the recent years has to be regarded as unreasonable and contrary to the public interest; the principle of democracy requires that solution to the problem, firstly, shall be sought for in the legal system; based on the principle of democracy, the usefulness, purpose and implementation of the public interest in adoption of new normative acts should be considered.