Historical and cultural bases of formation of the tourist brand «Izhevsk — the forging arms capital of Russia»

This article is devoted to the analysis of historical-cultural conditions, which contributed to the development of the tourist brand «Izhevsk — the forging arms capital of Russia». It looks at the history of arms production in Izhevsk, which is two centuries old and dates back to 1807, when the f rst ordnance plant was built. It is shown, that Izhevsk was one of the major centers of f re arms and cold steel production already in pre-Soviet Russia. In Soviet times, after the reconstruction in the 1930s, the production scale expanded signif cantly. During the Great Patriotic War, when defense plants from the west of Russia, had been evacuated to Izhevsk, the city actually became the «forging arms capital of Russia». In post-war period Izhevsk machine-building plant became the center for production of the legendary AK-47 and other types of small arms, and also sporting and hunting guns. In 2013 the Kalashnikov Concern was founded on the base of the research-and-production association Izhevsk machine-building plant. Legendary design engineer M.T. Kalashnikov made an invaluable contribution to the development of arms production traditions in Izhevsk, having made Izhevsk guns world famous. The article looks at historical and modern objects, that are of great tourist importance, and which characterize Izhevsk as the forging arms capital. These objects are: the main building of Izhevsk ordnance plant, the monument to Deryabin (the founder of Izhevsk ordnance plant), Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, the Arsenal Building, the Izmash plant museum, the Kalashnikov Museum — Exhibition Complex of small arms. It is shown, that the brand «Izhevsk — the forging arms capital of Russia» has high potential to promote Izhevsk as a tourist region on both Russian and International levels.

Denitration of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene byPseudomonas savastanoi

Past disposal of wastewaters containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at the former Nebraska Ordnance Plant has resulted in numerous acres of TNT-contaminated soil. Examining the microbial population of these soils revealed several TNT-tolerant Pseudomonas spp. We selected one species, P. savastanoi, to determine its ability to transform TNT. Pure culture experiments were performed in pseudomonas minimal medium containing 0.31 mM TNT (70 mg TNT∙L−1) under varied nutrient and cell density regimes. Experiments with TNT as a sole C or N source showed that P. savastanoi has the ability to denitrate TNT, as evidenced by production of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and NO2−with time. TNT denitration and formation of 2,4-DNT were enhanced by removing NH4+and adding NO2−to the growth medium. In all experiments, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) appeared as incidental reduction products. Glucose addition to the medium enhanced 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT production and decreased denitration of TNT. Mid-log phase cells rapidly transformed [ring-14C(U)]TNT but were unable to mineralize significant quantities of TNT, as evidenced by conversion of less than 1% of the label to14CO2. These results indicate that P. savastanoi is a TNT-tolerant pseudomonad that can promote TNT degradation through reductive denitration and nitro moiety reduction.Key words: TNT, biodegradation, transformation, reduction, nitrite.