Obstruction of an infant's gastrointestinal (GI) tract can occur anywhere from the esophagus to the anus. For purposes of this review, the newborn infant will be defined as an infant from birth to 30 days of age. Both congenital and acquired obstructions will be addressed. In each instance, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, and management of the disorder will be considered.
Esophageal Atresia
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Esophageal atresia, or interruption of the esophagus, generally occurs in association with a tracheoesophageal fistula (EA - TEF). The most common anatomic arrangement is a blind proximal esophageal pouch that has a distal tracheoesophageal fistula (Figure 1). This is seen in 85% to 90% of infants who have this anomaly. Seen less commonly is pure esophageal atresia that does not have a tracheoesophageal fistula and tracheoesophageal fistula that does not have an esophageal atresia (H-type tracheoesophageal fistula). These latter two conditions occur in approximately 10% of newborns who have these types of anomalies. Other anatomic arrangements, such as an esophageal atresia that has a fistula between the upper pouch and trachea or esophageal atresia that has a fistula to both pouches, are seen in only a tiny fraction of these infants.
EA - TEF occurs in approximately 1 in 4000 live births.
Intestinal Obstruction in the Newborn Infant
