Let M be a left R-module. A proper submodule P of M is called classical prime if for all ideals [Formula: see text] and for all submodules N ⊆ M, [Formula: see text] implies that [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. We generalize the Baer–McCoy radical (or classical prime radical) for a module [denoted by cl.rad R(M)] and Baer's lower nilradical for a module [denoted by Nil *(RM)]. For a module RM, cl.rad R(M) is defined to be the intersection of all classical prime submodules of M and Nil *(RM) is defined to be the set of all strongly nilpotent elements of M (defined later). It is shown that, for any projective R-module M, cl.rad R(M) = Nil *(RM) and, for any module M over a left Artinian ring R, cl.rad R(M) = Nil *(RM) = Rad (M) = Jac (R)M. In particular, if R is a commutative Noetherian domain with dim (R) ≤ 1, then for any module M, we have cl.rad R(M) = Nil *(RM). We show that over a left bounded prime left Goldie ring, the study of Baer–McCoy radicals of general modules reduces to that of torsion modules. Moreover, over an FBN prime ring R with dim (R) ≤ 1 (or over a commutative domain R with dim (R) ≤ 1), every semiprime submodule of any module is an intersection of classical prime submodules.
The prime radical in a Jordan ring