Transgenders in the Mainstream: Welfare Schemes in Kerala—Kochi Metro Rail Project, Education Programme, Health Clinics, and Old-Age Pension

2021 ◽  
pp. 097152152199796
Author(s):  
Megha Kurian ◽  
Greeshma Manoj
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Education Programme ◽  
Health Clinics ◽  
Transgender Persons ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Old Age Pensions

Marginalization is the process which inhibits an individual or community from enjoying the rights, privileges, resources or opportunities enjoyed by other members of the society. Of all its marginalized sections, society most often tends to ignore the conditions of transgender persons. The 2011 census reported 480,000 of India’s population as transgender. Kerala pioneered a model for a trans-friendly state 1 with the launch of a 10-day-long state-wide survey, which was followed by the introduction of a state policy for transgender individuals, the establishment of a justice board and India’s first transgender school, scholarships for transgender individuals and the introduction of health clinics, old-age pensions and employment for them in the Kochi Metro, as well as various literary, sports and fashion events. This study is an attempt to critically explore the welfare schemes for transgender persons in Kerala amidst recent developments.

Policy Shift: South Africa’s Old Age Pensions’ Influence on Perceived Quality of Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Ralston ◽  
Enid Schatz ◽  
Jane Menken ◽  
Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé ◽  
Stephen Tollman
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Perceived Quality Of Life ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Old Age Pensions

scholarly journals THE CURRENT TAX SITUATION OF OCCUPATIONAL PENSIONS AND PAN‐EUROPEAN PENSION FUNDS

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Gerhard Mudrack
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Member States ◽  
Occupational Pensions ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Tax Relief ◽  
Old Age Pensions ◽  
Domestic Companies

The main tax obstacle to the functioning of pan‐European pension funds is the exclusion from tax relief of cross‐border contributions. Many Member States have eliminated this obstacle or have announced that they will do this soon. The few Member States which may wish to continue the discrimination against foreign funds may find it very difficult to explain to the ECJ why they cannot do what so many other Member States already have. The conclusion of this article is, therefore, that for most situations, the main tax obstacle for pan‐European pension funds will be eliminated after the implementation date of the Pension Fund Directive, that was by 23 September 2005. The Pension Fund Directive includes the assumptions for a cross‐border activity of company pension funds. Among the existing national regulations of the setting of the systems of old age pensions the member states have to allow domestic companies in line with the Pension Fund Directive to be institution of foreign pension funds, which are licensed in other member states.

Altersrenten und sozialer Ausgleich in Deutschland und Österreich – ein Vergleich anhand von Modellrechnungen

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (99) ◽  
pp. 2-25
Author(s):  
Florian Blank ◽  
Erik Türk
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Public Pension ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
Old Age Pensions ◽  
Life Courses ◽  
Stable Employment

Die Gegenüberstellung der Rentenansprüche für einheitliche, idealtypische Biografien ermöglicht den Vergleich von Unterschieden der Rentensysteme selbst. Die von der OECD erstellten Modellbiografien mit durchgehenden Erwerbsverläufen, abschlagsfreiem Renteneintritt und stabilen Einkommenspositionen bilden den Ausgangspunkt für den Vergleich der Rentenversicherungen Deutschlands und Österreichs. Die Vorgehensweise der OECD wird dargestellt, sofern erforderlich korrigiert, aktualisiert und weiterentwickelt. Zusätzlich werden Arbeitslosigkeit, vorzeitiger Renteneintritt sowie Kindererziehungszeiten berücksichtigt. Durch diese Ergänzungen werden eine höhere Realitätsanbindung erreicht und Elemente des sozialen Ausgleichs einbezogen. Es zeigt sich, dass die österreichische Pensionsversicherung in jeder Konstellation deutlich höhere Leistungen gewährt, die Elemente des sozialen Ausgleichs den Abstand teils vergrößern, teils verringern. Abstract: Old-age Pensions and Social Equalization in Germany and Austria – a Comparison Using Model Calculations A comparison of pension entitlements based on ideal-type biographies allows for an identification of differences between pensions systems. We compare public pension schemes in Germany and Austria, starting with the OECD’s model biographies. These biographies are signified by stable employment careers and income positions, and regular retirement without deductions. The OECD’s approach is discussed, revised, updated, and amended. Periods of unemployment and childcare and early retirement are included. This leads to more realistic life courses and means an inclusion of redistributive measures. The Austrian pension insurance delivers higher benefits in every constellation discussed; redistributive elements partly increase, partly reduce differences.

Old Age Pensions

1983 ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Tullock
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Old Age Pensions
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