To bring out details in the fractured surface of a frozen sample in the
freeze fracture/freeze-etch technique,the sample or part of it is warmed to
enhance water sublimation.One way to do this is to raise the temperature of
the entire sample to about -100°C to -90°C. In this case sublimation rates
can be calculated by using plots such as Fig.1 (Talmon and Thomas),or by
simplified formulae such as that given by Menold and Liittge. To achieve
higher rates of sublimation without heating the entire sample a radiative
heater can be used (Echlin et al.). In the present paper a simplified method
for the calculation of the rates of sublimation under a constant heat flux F
[W/m2] at the surface of the sample from a heater
placed directly above the sample is described.
Radiative Heating Methodology for the Huygens Probe
