Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Unit based on Bus Observation Reliability

Background: Meter placement, which can determine sufficient measurements for the successful estimate implementation, plays a crucial role for state estimation of the power system. For ensuring the robustness of state estimation against bad data in measurements, fail data from attackers and loss of measures; the measurement redundancies are necessary. Methods: This paper proposes a new method based on the observation reliability criteria of the bus to solve the optimal meter placement problem in the power network. The goal of this work is to enhance the effect of measurement redundancies and achieve any desired rates of robustness for state estimation. Regarding the practicability of the method, some practical aspects, such as zero injection bus, the presence of conventional measurements, the change of network's topology, or computational time, were also considered. Result: The simulations on IEEE RTS 96, 14-bus, 30-bus, 57-bus and 2383-bus test systems were tested for evaluating the effect of the proposed approach. The simulated results showed that the proposed method is flexible, practical and feasible in solving the meter placement problem for real power networks. Conclusion: Based on the observation reliability of buses we can enhance the effect of redundancy significantly and achieve any desired robust rates of state estimation.

Optimal meter placement for pipe burst detection in water distribution systems

Pipe bursts in water distribution systems (WDS) must be rapidly detected to minimize the loss of system functionality and recovery time. Pipe burst is the most common failure in WDS. It results in water loss out of the system, increased head losses, and low pressure at the customers' taps. Therefore, effective and efficient detection of pipe bursts can improve system resilience. To this end, this study proposes an optimal meter placement model to identify meter locations that maximize detection effectiveness for a given number of meters and type of meter. The linear programming model is demonstrated on a modified Austin EPANET hydraulic network. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for alternative pressure and flow meters are applied to investigate the relationship between the level of available information and pipe burst detection effectiveness. The optimal sensor locations were distinctly different depending on the type of meter and the objective to be considered. The ROC curves for alternative pressure and pipe flow meters showed that pipe flow meters are vulnerable to false alarms, and that using many pipe flow meters could detect all pipe bursts. Pressure meters could detect up to 82% of the burst events.