Social Cognitive Bias

2018 ◽  
pp. 110-132
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Decision Making

Within social psychology and sociology there is a field of study in charge of studying how the social group affects the individual in all areas. In fact, several studies have found that the social decision-making process can be influenced by cognitive biases. This fields establishes two large categories of social groups called ingroup and outgroup depending on whether individuals are part of this group or not. Therefore, an ingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify. Moreover, the psychological membership of social groups and categories can be related with different aspects such as race, profession, religion, among others, so that individuals can categorize themselves and others in different ways, usually dependent on the context. This categorization that individuals do based in the pertinence to a group and the influence of the group on the person reproduce in the person social cognitive biases that can lead to erroneous decisions. Within these biases the best known is the ingroup bias. This chapter explores some of these social biases and how they influence the decision-making process.

The Staged Nature of Decision Making among Senior Tourists

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Luis Nicolau ◽  
Nieves Losada ◽  
Elisa Alén ◽  
Trinidad Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Social Character ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Decision Stage ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

This article builds on the idea that senior tourists’ decision making is a staged process in which the different choices are sequential, interrelated, and interdependent. These decisions are “whether to take a vacation," “whether to opt for an international trip," “whether to use an organized tour," and “whether to use publicly subsidized travel.” Considering the social character of many trips offered to seniors, the fourth decision of the proposed process makes it unique. No research has empirically considered using a staged decision making in the context of senior travelers, and the proposed model quantifies the effect of each variable based on the decision the individual is dealing with; also, the way a variable changes its effect even within the same decision stage depending on the individual is analyzed by including heterogeneity into the modeling. The results find that senior tourists follow the proposed four-staged decision-making process rather than the basic two-stage decision-making process.

scholarly journals Wise or mad crowds? The cognitive mechanisms underlying information cascades

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eabb0266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan N. Tump ◽  
Timothy J. Pleskac ◽  
Ralf H. J. M. Kurvers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Information Cascades ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Decision Making

Whether getting vaccinated, buying stocks, or crossing streets, people rarely make decisions alone. Rather, multiple people decide sequentially, setting the stage for information cascades whereby early-deciding individuals can influence others’ choices. To understand how information cascades through social systems, it is essential to capture the dynamics of the decision-making process. We introduce the social drift–diffusion model to capture these dynamics. We tested our model using a sequential choice task. The model was able to recover the dynamics of the social decision-making process, accurately capturing how individuals integrate personal and social information dynamically over time and when their decisions were timed. Our results show the importance of the interrelationships between accuracy, confidence, and response time in shaping the quality of information cascades. The model reveals the importance of capturing the dynamics of decision processes to understand how information cascades in social systems, paving the way for applications in other social systems.

scholarly journals A decisão de emigrar: um estudo a partir da perspetiva da pluralidade disposicional

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (81) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Teixeira Lopes ◽  
José Pedro Silva ◽  
Rafaela Ganga ◽  
Rui Machado Gomes ◽  
Dulce Magalhães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Observation Scale ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Observation ◽  
The Individual

<span>This paper analyses the Portuguese high-skilled emigration, focusing on the emigration decision-making process. This article aims to understand the dispositions leading to this decision, and the social processes that explain its origin, sedimentation and activation. To this end, and using the theoretical and methodological approach of Bernard Lahire, 53 sociological portraits of skilled Portuguese who emigrated to other European countries are cross-sectional analyzed. This analysis is supplemented by data from a survey previously administered. Thus, we will address how the migratory dispositions are built through the individual biographies, highlighting the heuristic potential of the individual observation scale.</span>

scholarly journals Wise or mad crowds? The cognitive mechanisms underlying information cascades

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Novaes Tump ◽  
Timothy Joseph Pleskac ◽  
Ralf Kurvers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Information Cascades ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Decision Making

Whether getting vaccinated, buying stocks, or crossing streets, people rarely make decisions alone. Rather, multiple people decide sequentially, setting the stage for information cascades whereby early-deciding individuals can influence others' choices. To understand how information cascades through social systems, it is essential to capture the dynamics of the decision-making process. We introduce the social drift-diffusion model to capture these dynamics. We tested our model using a sequential choice task. The model was able to recover the dynamics of the social decision-making process, accurately capturing how individuals integrate personal and social information dynamically over time and when they timed their decisions. Our results show the importance of the interrelationships between accuracy, confidence, and response time in shaping the quality of information cascades. The model reveals the importance of capturing the dynamics of decision processes to understand how information cascades in social systems, paving the way for applications in other social systems.

scholarly journals Behavioral Bias Within The Decision Making Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Chira ◽  
Michael Adams ◽  
Barry Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Finance ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Graduate Business Students ◽  
Biases And Heuristics

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Behavioral finance studies how subjective behavioral elements introduce distortions in the individual&rsquo;s decision-making process. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;">The empirical study of systematic errors in cognitive reasoning and perception, and ultimately what these errors reveal about the individual&rsquo;s underlying thought processes, is often referred to as investor heuristics and biases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This paper investigates the cognitive biases and heuristics to which business students are subject. This was achieved by administering a questionnaire and collecting empirical evidence about both undergraduate and graduate business students&rsquo; own perceptions of bias.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The psychological phenomenon known as bias and its presence in human decision making, both financial and non-financial, will provide additional insight on the subject of investor irrationality and broaden the ideals of rationality assumed in classical financial theory. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

scholarly journals Ailelerin Tatil Karar Sürecine Gençlerin Etkileri: Ankara İli Örneği / The Effects of the Youngs on the Family Vacation Decision Process: Ankara Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Ülker Köşk ◽  
Ahmet Gürbüz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
The Many ◽  
Family Vacation

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Individuals who are members of a social group exhibit behaviors that may be similar or identical to that of the social group. It can be said that the individuals in a familiy, like in a social group, also have the same or similar thoughts, habits and behaviors. Having similar thoughts, habits and behaviors is the result of the individuals in the group being affected by each other.</p><p> The individuals in the family can be influenced by each other in the decision-making process as well as with the many areas. This influence is multilinear, and we must say that it is possible for each of the family members to be potentially affected individually by all the members of the family. This research examines how families are influenced by their children's thoughts during vacation decision-making. The universe of the research is young people aged 15-24 who reside in Ankara. As in most areas, families can be influenced by their children's thoughts and ideas during holiday decision-making. In this research, according to all these information, it researched in the city of Ankara to examine the effects decision-making process of the families of young people aged 15-24. A total of 1160 surveys were conducted in the research and 15 surveys were not included in the study for various reasons. The results of the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 program interpreting the data obtained from the remaining 1145 questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Bir sosyal gruba mensup olan bireyler, sosyal grubun davranış biçimi ile benzer ya da aynı sayılabilecek davranışlar sergilerler. Sosyal bir grup olan ailedeki bireylerin de aynı düşüncelere, alışkanlıklara ve davranışlara sahip oldukları söylenebilir. Benzer düşünce, alışkanlık ve davranışlara sahip olmanın temelinde grup içindeki bireylerin birbirlerinden etkilenmelerinin yer aldığı söylenebilir.  </p><p>Ailedeki bireyler birçok alanda olduğu gibi karar verme sürecinde de birbirlerinden etkilenebilirler. Bu etkilenme çok yönlü bir etkilenme olup aile bireylerinden herbirinin potansiyel olarak ailenin tüm bireylerinden ayrı ayrı etkilenmesinin mümkün olduğunu söylememiz gerekir. Bu araştırma, tatil karar verme sürecinde ailelerin, çocuklarının düşüncelerinden ne şekilde etkilendiklerini incelemektedir. Çalışmanın evrenini, Ankara’da ikamet eden 15-24 yaş arası gençler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada toplam 1160 anket uygulanmış olup çeşitli nedenlerle 15 anket çalışmaya dâhil edilmemiştir. Geriye kalan 1145 anketten elde edilen verilerin yorumlanması için SPSS 22,0 veri analiz programı kullanılarak anket sonuçları analiz edilmiştir.</p>

Social Cognition in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
Ronja Weiblen ◽  
Melanie Jonas ◽  
Sören Krach ◽  
Ulrike M. Krämer
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
Work Done

Abstract. Research on the neural mechanisms underlying Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) has mostly concentrated on abnormalities in basal ganglia circuits. Recent alternative accounts, however, focused more on social and affective aspects. Individuals with GTS show peculiarities in their social and affective domain, including echophenomena, coprolalia, and nonobscene socially inappropriate behavior. This article reviews the experimental and theoretical work done on the social symptoms of GTS. We discuss the role of different social cognitive and affective functions and associated brain networks, namely, the social-decision-making system, theory-of-mind functions, and the so-called “mirror-neuron” system. Although GTS affects social interactions in many ways, and although the syndrome includes aberrant social behavior, the underlying cognitive, affective, and neural processes remain to be investigated.

Women in Power and Decision making Positions : Conditions and Restraints

1970 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Azza Charara Baydoun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Slow Progress

Women today are considered to be outside the political and administrative power structures and their participation in the decision-making process is non-existent. As far as their participation in the political life is concerned they are still on the margins. The existence of patriarchal society in Lebanon as well as the absence of governmental policies and procedures that aim at helping women and enhancing their political participation has made it very difficult for women to be accepted as leaders and to be granted votes in elections (UNIFEM, 2002).This above quote is taken from a report that was prepared to assess the progress made regarding the status of Lebanese women both on the social and governmental levels in light of the Beijing Platform for Action – the name given to the provisions of the Fourth Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995. The above quote describes the slow progress achieved by Lebanese women in view of the ambitious goal that requires that the proportion of women occupying administrative or political positions in Lebanon should reach 30 percent of thetotal by the year 2005!

The transformation of the decision-making process on the part of economic agents influenced by social constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1202-1222
Author(s):  
M.V. Grechko ◽  
L.A. Kobina ◽  
S.A. Goncharenko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
External Signals

Subject. The article focuses on the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents given the existing social constraints. Objectives. We devise applied toolkit to study how socio-economic constraints transform the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents. Methods. The study involves means of the expert survey, the method that streamlines economic knowledge. Results. Social constraints are illustrated to influence the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents, assuming that the individual mind relies on specific mechanisms to make judgments and decisions. Generally, the mechanisms are very useful, however they may generate serious errors during the decision-making process. Given the social constraints, economic agents were found to follow four mental models to make their decisions in case of the full or partial uncertainty, i.e. the representative relevance, accessibility, relations, heuristics (modeling). Conclusions and Relevance. The scientific ideas herein show that the inner architecture of a choice an individual makes determines his or her decisions. The decisions often depend on the contextual environment that gives external signals perceived by the individual while evaluating alternative ways. The findings can possibly be used as a mechanism to manage the consumer choice.

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