EASY ENGLISH GRAMMAR

A tremendous effort has been made to bring out the grammar book, a simple one in the real sense of the title “Easy English Grammar” not only by giving simple definitions in simple sentences but also by quoting examples relevant to simple life situations with lofty thoughts.Being author of this book, I have tried my best level to bring out this book in a satisfactory manner out of my rich practical experience as a teacher of the college more than one decade in the field of English Language teaching working as an Assistant Professor of English. Thirty-seven exercises have been given in the book. Students do them sincerely.

TUTURAN DIREKTIF BAHASA PENGASUHAN ANAK PRA-SEKOLAH DI INDONESIA: SEBUAH STUDI KASUS/DIRECTIVE PRE-SCHOOL PARENTING LANGUAGE IN INDONESIA: A CASE STUDY

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tuturan direktif bahasa pengasuhan anak pra-sekolah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian studi kasus. Data penelitian berupa tuturan direktif guru terhadap siswa dan tuturan siswa terhadap guru yang mengandung kesantunan.Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode observasi. Analisis data dilakukan secara tematik dan menggunakan paramater kesantunan linguistik tuturan direktif Kunjana (2005). Hasil penelitian ini melaporkan bahwa penanda kesantunan tuturan direktif bahasa pengasuhan guru terhadap anak-anak pra-sekolah itu berupa penggunaan penanda partikel, seperti ki, ta, ji, iyye, yadalam bahasa Bugis dan penggunaan penanda kesantunan berbentuk kata, seperti kata kekerabatan dan kata julukan. Demikian pula, tuturan direktif guru kepada anak-anak pra-sekolah direalisasikan dalam bentuk kalimat sederhana baik yang berbentuk kalimat pendek maupun panjang. Penelitian ini mengimplikasikan dua hal, yaitu implikasi konseptual dan implikasi praktis. Secara konseptual, penelitian mengembangkan konsep ‘menjaga muka’ Brown dan Levinson (1987), sementara secara praktis, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan oleh para guru sekolah untuk senantiasa menerapkan bahasa santun kepada anak didiknya. Penggunaan bahasa santun itu tentu dapat memengaruhi kejiwaan anak dan di masa mendatang mereka dapat meniru perkataan santun yang disampaikan ke mereka. Kata kunci:anak-anak prasekolah, bahasa pengasuhan, Indonesia, kesantunan linguistik, tindak tutur direktifAbstractThis researchaims to elucidate directive pre-school parenting language in Indonesia. This research adopted a case study research design. The utterances of teacher to student containing politeness and vise versa used as the main data. To collect data, observational partisipant was utilized. Data analysis was carried out thematically and using the linguistic politeness parameter of Kunjana's directive speech (2005). This study reported that politeness markers of directive speech acts incorporate the using of politeness markers particle, such as ki, ta, ji, iyye, ya, sini in Buginesse language and politenesswords, like kinships and nicknames. Likewise, the teacher's directive speech to pre-school children is realized in the form of simple sentences, both in the form of short and long sentences. This research implied conceptual and practical implications. Conceptually, this research extends the concept 'face threatening act' of Brown and Levinson (1987), while practically, this evidence is expected to be used by school teachers to always apply polite language to their students. The use of polite language can certainly affect children's psyche and in the future they can imitate polite words conveyed to them.Keywords:directive speech act, linguistics politeness, parenting language, pre-school children, Indonesia

Модели элементарных простых предложений со структурной схемой (S) + NAcc + VF в обобщенно-личных пословицах башкирского языка (на материале фольклорного корпуса)

Introduction. Modern philological science associates with structural-semantic approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena. But so far, the structural-semantic study of Bashkir proverbs based on the entire corpus, as well as the identification of the final types of models has not been undertaken. The purpose of this article is to study models of elementary simple sentences of the structural type (S) + NAcc + VF. This type, with an object in the accusative case, is the most frequent one; the accusative in the Bashkir language is a grammatical means of formalizing the actant as an object of direct immediate impact. Data and methods. Generalized personal proverbs selected from the folklore database of the Machine Corpus of the Bashkir language were used as the research material. The proverb corpus contains 354 proverbial expressions representing generalized personal sentences, i.e., 73.5 percent of the total number of one-part verb proverbs. The research method consisted in isolating an elementary simple sentence, which includes a predicate and obligatory actants; the author draws here on the work of Novosibirsk syntax students. The syntactic model is understood as the content plane of an elementary simple sentence, which is determined by its proposition. The structural diagram represents the expression plane of an elementary simple sentence. At this stage, the study focuses on proverbs with simple finite verbs. Results. The study shows that 8 models are implemented within the structural scheme (S) + NAcc + VF. Of these the model of physical impact on the object [(S) + NPatAcc + VActf] is the most frequent one, 62 proverbial expressions have been identified for this model. Each model of the structure in question is characterized by its inherent set of semantic roles and typical meaning, while in most cases, object actants act in the form of a certain accusative. Conclusions. The syntactic features characteristic of the construction of this type of proverbial expressions are likely to occur in modern literary language and colloquial speech with a more complex syntactic structure.

PENGAYAAN KOSA KATA BAHASA DAERAH BERBASIS MASYARAKAT PESISIR DI KALANGAN SISWA SMA NEGERI 55 TELUK ELPAPUTIH

Abstrak Perkembangan dan perubahan bahasa secara masif telah menyentuh teritorial tradisional termasuk di Negeri Waraka yang terletak di pesisir Teluk Elpaputih Maluku Tengah, yang masyarakatnya menuturkan bahasa Wemale atau bahasa Waraka. Hanya generasi usia lanjut yang berkomunikasi dalam bahasa tersebut. Untuk itu, diinisiasi penyuluhan kepada generasi muda tentang pentingnya bahasa daerah melalui kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PkM) kepada para siswa di SMA Negeri 55 Teluk Elpaputih. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode ceramah singkat disertai tanya-jawab, diskusi dan mendata kosakata, serta permainan acak pasangan kartu. Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa kosakata bahasa daerah yang dimiliki para siswa memang sangat minim karena transmisi antara orang tua kepada anak terhambat. Namun, potensi para siswa cukup besar untuk mulai men-input kosakata sehari-hari, dan dibiasakan melalui kalimat-kalimat sederhana dari dalam keluarga. Dengan demikian, bahasa daerah memang harus diprioritaskan di rumah. Kata kunci: pengayaan, kosakata, bahasa daerah, strategi, keluarga Abstract Massive language developments and changes have touched traditional territories, including in the Waraka State located on the coast of Elpaputih Bay, Central Maluku, where the people speak the Wemale language or the Waraka language. Only the older generation communicates in this language. For this reason, counseling was initiated to the younger generation about the importance of regional languages ​​through community service activities (PkM) to students at SMA Negeri 55 Teluk Elpaputih. The method used is a short lecture method with questions and answers, discussion and vocabulary collection, as well as a random game of card pairs. The results show that the local language vocabulary owned by the students is indeed very minimal because the transmission between parents to children is hampered. However, the potential of the students is big enough to start inputting everyday vocabulary, and get used to it through simple sentences from within the family. Thus, regional languages ​​should be prioritized at home. Keywords: enrichment, vocabulary, regional language, strategy, family

Bridging the Gap Between Neurons and Cognition Through Assemblies of Neurons

During recent decades, our understanding of the brain has advanced dramatically at both the cellular and molecular levels and at the cognitive neurofunctional level; however, a huge gap remains between the microlevel of physiology and the macrolevel of cognition. We propose that computational models based on assemblies of neurons can serve as a blueprint for bridging these two scales. We discuss recently developed computational models of assemblies that have been demonstrated to mediate higher cognitive functions such as the processing of simple sentences, to be realistically realizable by neural activity, and to possess general computational power.

Readiness of Special-Needs Schools in Developing Oral Language Skills Programs for Deaf Students

Limited learning programs in developing spoken language, as well as the inconsistency of teachers in implementing oral language communication, are allegedly the main causes of poor communication skills, especially for hearing impaired students. In contrast to this, oral language skills are a prerequisite for having communication with others. The present study draws attention to receive a description of the school (teacher) readiness in developing oral language skills programs for students with hearing impairment. Conducted through descriptive qualitative method, the current project explores data from the chosen teachers of grade 2, 3, and 4, as well as PKPBI teachers through interviews, observation and documentation study. The data analysis technique is performed through data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions and verification. The findings disclosed that the oral language program planning is based on incidental needs analysis. The oral language skills program is still developed separately from the PKPBI program and communication training (either speaking or articulation). Likewise, conversational competence as a basis for developing communication has not become a definite program and is only applied to certain themes. The implementation of the oral language skills program is carried out partially with different learning patterns and methods, namely the global word method and the maternal reflective method (MMR). The teacher’s evaluation was limited to correcting phonemes, repeating simple sentences and once into integrated thematically. The faced constraints are the availability of supporting infrastructure such as PKPBI room and articulation room that have not been optimized and the limited number of speech experts and PKPBI teachers. For such obvious reason, the seriousness and consistency of schools are highly necessary in developing oral language skills programs as the main focus during the learning process at each grade level by providing opportunities for all teachers to possess integration with PKPBI program and thematic articulation training programs using the reflective maternal method (MMR).

Poly-predicative conditional constructions in Catalan (in comparaison with Spanish and French)

By poly-predicative conditional constructions we mean complex sentences that contain at least three simple sentences, each representing either a condition or a consequence. Poly-predicative sentences can in addition contain other simple sentences that represent neither condition, nor consequence. Poly-predicative constructions that, apart from one condition and one consequence, also include other simple sentences, are not classified here as poly-predicative conditional constructions. While poly-predicative constructions in general have already been in the focus of researches attention, this article seems to address them on Catalan material for the first time. The purpose of this article is an analysis of syntactic relations in poly-predicative conditional constructions. Its objectives include their comparison in Catalan, Spanish, and French, identification of the main types of these constructions, and an analysis of their characteristics. Since the use of tenses and moods in the constructions addressed coincides with that in prototypical bi-predicative conditional constructions, we do not examine it here. The methods, used in this study, included: sampling during corpus collection, classification, description, comparison, transformational analysis and synthesis. The study is based on Catalan texts and their translations into Spanish and French. The findings of the study include: 1) Poly-predicative conditional constructions with several condition and/or consequence clauses are possible. Condition and consequence clauses can occupy different positions in poly-predicative conditional constructions; 2) In contrast to Catalan and Spanish, French admits the replacement of the conditional conjunction si by que; 3) Prototypical conditional and poly-predicative constructions are invariably characterized by subordination relations, with coordination parataxis possible as well. In addition, more complex syntactic structures are possible like, e. g., parallel co-coordination; 4) A prototypical conditional construction being a complex sentence, this limits possible syntactic types of poly-predicative conditional constructions. They cannot be structured as a string of simple sentences connected by coordination or subordination. Consecutive subordination of three or more subordinate sentences is not characteristic of conditional constructions; 5) The study identified a similarity between poly-predicative conditional constructions in Catalan, Spanish, and French. The present research is a contribution into the syntax of Romance languages.

On the Contrastive Analysis of a Television Text Type

Analysis of media-linguistic aspects by linguists is of great importance because the latest linguistic trends can be understood on the basis of this material. Based on the contrastive studies of the text type weather report on German and Georgian television, the following similarities and differences were highlighted: many media-linguistic aspects (sentence types, common verbs, mood, technical and local expressions, visual effects, etc.) look similar. With regard to the types of sentences, the following tendency has emerged: parataxes are the most common occurrence in TV weather reports. In second place are hypotaxes, followed by simple sentences and ellipses. German moderators tend mainly to use the oral style. This is shown by reductions, colloquial and regional expressions, breaking a sentence frame, demonstrative pronouns and modal particles. In addition, that could also indicate that they are less focused on the teleprompter. The weather report of the Georgian morning TV program "Guten Morgen, Georgia" (Rustavi 2) is broadcast live at various locations. Before the current temperature of the day is presented, the weather moderator chats casually with the studio moderators and their guests. The weather report is contextualized in this way. The weather report is almost always done with an introductory sentence. The weather data is read out by the moderator or by the respective guests. German moderators present both current temperatures and the weather forecast for the next few days. Regarding speaking speed, it can be emphasized that German moderators speak almost twice as fast as Georgian moderators. Both German and Georgian moderators are always in a good mood. The dress style of the morning presenters, in contrast to evening presenters, is mostly unofficial in both the German and Georgian weather reports. It must also be mentioned here that it is very important to deal with various types of text in both school and university foreign language lessons. Since listening to a weather report is a realistic everyday act, this type of text must find a worthy entry into foreign language lessons. It is advantageous to combine visual and linguistic aspects, because in this way both visual and hearing comprehension are trained.

Analysis on Sentence Pattern of Spanish in Teaching — Classification of Simple Sentences

This paper mainly expounds the ways for analysis of five types of simple sentences and two kinds of special sentence patterns.