Abstract
Background
The objective of this study was to explore the stigma and related influencing factors in patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID).
Methods
A total of 70 CID patients and 70 healthy controls (CON) were enrolled in the study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the 17-Item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) were used to assess sleep quality and depressive symptoms, respectively. The Chinese-Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (MoCA-C) was used to assess cognitive function. Stigma and life quality were measured using the Chronic Stigma Scale and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
Results
The ratio of individuals with stigma was significantly different between CID and CON groups (C2 = 35.6, p < 0.001). Compared with the CON group, the CID group had higher scores for total stigma (U = 662.0, p < 0.001), internalized stigma (U = 593.0, p < 0.001), enacted stigma (U = 1568.0, p < 0.001), PSQI (U = 2485.0, p < 0.001) and HAMD-17 (U = 69.5, p < 0.001) as well as lower scores for MoCA-C (U = 3997.5, p < 0.001) and SF-36 for the items of physical role (U = 1560.5, p < 0.001), body pain (U = 1633.5, p < 0.001), general health (U = 1194.0, p < 0.001), vitality (U = 1169.5, p < 0.001), social function (U = 1703.0, p = 0.001), emotional role (U = 1451.5, p < 0.001), mental health (U = 1147.0, p < 0.001) and health transition (U = 1341.0, p < 0.001). Partial correlation analysis showed that different items of the Chronic Stigma Scale were positively correlated with illness duration, PSQI and HAMD-17 scores, while negatively correlated with one or more items of the SF-36. Multivariate regression analysis showed that illness duration and the mental health domain of the SF-36 were independent risk factors for one or more items of stigma in CID patients.
Conclusion
Patients with CID have an increased risk of stigma. Moreover, illness duration and mental health may be primary factors related to stigma.