Sayısal Yöntemlerle Belirlenen Yumurta Parametreleri Üzerine Yumurtalama Zamanı ve Kafes Katı Farklılığının Etkisi

In this study, the White Layer Pure Line that housing as individual cage system at the Poultry Research Institute in Ankara was used. Eggs obtained from 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 weeks old eggs were collected 3 times a day in the morning (10:00), noon (12:00) and evening (15:00). Egg Size and Egg Width (YBE), Shape Index and Elongation (SIE), Egg Surface Area and Volume (YAH), Shell Weight and Shell Thickness (CAS), Number of Pores and Pore Density (GSY), Yellow Ratio and Yellow Weight (SOA), Albumen Weight and Albumen Ratio (AO) were examined in 438 eggs obtained from these chickens found in these cages which are three tiers as upper, middle and bottom. The difference in cage layer did not have a significant effect on the calculated properties. On the other hand, the effect of on all traits obtained from these calculations based on egg weight was found to be significant.

Surface and Subsurface Quality of Titanium Grade 23 Machined by Electro Discharge Machining

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-traditional cutting technology that is extensively utilized in contemporary industry, particularly for machining difficult-to-cut materials. EDM may be used to create complicated forms and geometries with great dimensional precision. Titanium alloys are widely used in high-end applications owing to their unique intrinsic characteristics. Nonetheless, they have low machinability. The current paper includes an experimental examination of EDM’s Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitials through controlled interstitial element levels) process utilizing a graphite electrode. The pulse-on current (IP) and pulse-on time (Ton) were used as control parameters, and machining performance was measured in terms of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Material Removal Rate (TMRR), and Tool Wear Ratio (TWR). The Surface Roughness (SR) was estimated based on the mean roughness (SRa) and maximum peak to valley height (SRz), while, the EDMed surfaces were also examined using optical and SEM microscopy and cross-sections to determine the Average White Layer Thickness (AWLT). Finally, for the indices above, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted, whilst semi-empirical correlations for the MRR and TMRR were given using the Response Surface Method (RSM). The results show that the pulse-on time is the most significant parameter of the machining process that may increase the MRR up to 354%. Pulse-on current and pulse-on time are shown to have an impact on the surface integrity of the finished product. Furthermore, statistics, SEM, and EDX images on material removal efficiency and tool wear rate are offered to support the core causes of surface and sub-surface damage. The average microhardness of the White Layer (WL) is 1786 HV.

Modification of Surface Structure by Diffusion Processes

In the paper an effect of a diffusion technology such as gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing on the surface properties of selected alloyed case-hardening steel was tested. The steel 18CrNiMo7-6, primarily predetermined for carburizing and frequently utilized in manufacturing of highly strained components, where high core tensile strength as well as hard surface is demanded, was exposed to gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing. Such treated surface was subjected to experimental methods. The microstructure observation and the determination of the white layer thickness was performed on the Opto-digital microscope Olympus DSX500i. The nitriding hardness depth of the surface layer from the microhardness profiles obtained by the microhardness tester LM247 AT LECO was deduced. The wear resistance was assessed by utilizing the Scratch test method performed on the tribometer Bruker UMT-3 TriboLab. Results of the measurements present an effect of gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing on the surface properties of the steel 18CrNiMo7-6 and provide a perception of possibility to substitute the frequently utilized carburizing by the gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing.

Correlation between Ink Thickness and "Shrink Sleeve" Flexographic Print Quality at a Stable Friction Coefficient

Flexographic technology usage is increasing in recent years. Predicted growth in the technology usage intensifies the demand for improved quality. It is expected that flexographic printing will achieve greater results than ever before. Since this technique is used in the printing of shrink sleeve packaging, it is imperative to meet the technical and economic requirements of the shrink sleeve product. This is primarily to ensure gliding of the white printing material. The amount of white should be as small as possible, making the sliding of the material optimal and the quality of the print better. Therefore, the quality of the printing was measured by changing the conditions of slippage and white color. This research has established a correlation between the thickness of the white layer and the reduction of print quality over thin lines.

Alloying Effect on Nitrided Case Characteristics of Nitralloy 135M and AISI 4140 Steel

Nitriding surface hardening is commonly used on steel components for high wear, fatigue and corrosion applications. Case hardening results from white layer formation and coherent alloy nitride precipitates in the diffusion zone. This paper evaluates the microstructure development in the nitrided case and its effects on the hardness in both the white layer and the substrate for two industry nitriding materials, Nitralloy 135M and AISI 4140. Computational thermodynamic calculations were used to identify the type and amount of stable alloy nitrides precipitation and helped explain the differences in the white layer hardness, degree of porosity at the surface, and the hardening effect within the substrate. Some initial insights toward designing nitriding alloys are shown.