Imprecision, personae, and pragmatic reasoning

Recent work at the interface of semantics and sociolinguistics showed that listeners reason about the semantic/pragmatic properties of linguistic utterances to draw social inferences about the speaker (Acton and Potts 2014; Beltrama 2018; Jeong 2021). These findings raise the question of whether reverse effects exist as well, i.e., whether (and how) social meanings can also impact the interpretation of semantic/pragmatic meanings. Using (im)precision as a case study, we provide experimental evidence that (i) numerals receive stricter interpretations when utteredbyNerdy(vs. Chill) speakers; and that (ii) this effect is stronger for comprehenders who don’t (strongly) identify with the speaker, suggesting that pragmatic reasoning is crucially shaped by social information about both the speaker and the comprehender. These findings suggest that different layers of meanings inform one another in a bi-directional fashion – i.e., semantic information can invite social inferences, and Misocial information can guide meaning interpretation.

ANALYSES AND VALUE-MEANING INTERPRETATION OF A MUSICAL WORK AS PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM

Рассмотрена проблема анализа и интерпретации музыкального произведения с точки зрения теоретиков музыки и педагогов-музыкантов. Обоснована вариативность подходов к анализу, обусловленная категорией слушателей музыки, жанром произведения, неповторимостью, уровнем сложности и продолжительностью звучания, уникальностью мировоззрения композитора. Охарактеризованы отдельные виды анализа в зависимости от целевой направленности, указаны трудности и пути их преодоления. Анализ инструментальных произведений с позиций интонационной теории (интонационно-образный анализ) – своего рода социальное, историческое, художественное исследование, при котором необходима организация общения детей с автором и исполнителями сочинения в форме живого диалога, направленного на погружение в художественно-образный мир произведения, выявление смысла и эмоционально-ценностных отношений, воплощенных в образах-интонациях, формирование к нему собственного отношения (В. В. Медушевский). Представленные виды музыковедческого анализа применяются в практике музыкального образования школьников в зависимости от особенностей произведения и предпочтений педагога. Показан пример музыкально-педагогического анализа инструментальной пьесы студентами как один из возможных вариантов для использования в педагогической практике с учащимися общеобразовательной школы. The article observes the problem of analyses and interpretation of a piece of music from the point of view of music theorists and music teachers. The variability of approaches to the analysis is substantiated due to the category of the listeners, the genre of a piece of music, the uniqueness, the level of complexity and duration of the sound, the uniqueness of the composer’s worldview. Certain types of analysis, depending on the target orientation, are characterized, difficulties and ways of overcoming them are indicated. Analysis of an instrumental works from the point of view of intonation theory (intonation-figurative analysis) is a kind of social, historical, artistic research, in which it is necessary to organize communication between children and the author and performers of the composition in the form of a live dialogue aimed at immersion in the artistic-figurative world of the work, identifying meaning and emotional-value relations, embodied in images-intonations, the formation of one’s own attitude towards him (V. V. Medushevsky). The presented types of music studying analyses are used in the practice of music education of schoolchildren, depending on the characteristics of the work and the preferences of the teacher. An example of musical and pedagogical analysis of an instrumental piece by students is shown as one of the possible options for using in pedagogical practice with secondary school students.

Interlocutor modelling in comprehending speech from interleaved interlocutors of different dialectic backgrounds

It has been shown that, in language comprehension, listeners model certain attributes of their interlocutor (e.g., dialectic background, age, gender) and interpret speech against the model; e.g., they understand cross-dialectally ambiguous words such as flat and gas for their American English (AE) meanings more often when listening to an AE interlocutor than a British English (BE) interlocutor. This study reported two experiments to further investigate whether listeners can construct concurrent interlocutor models when communicating with two interlocutors of different dialectic backgrounds and, if they do, how effectively and upon what cues they choose between concurrent models for word interpretation. In Experiment 1, we observed that listeners accessed more AE meanings when listening to an AE than BE interlocutor and such an accent effect that was comparable between listening to blocked interlocutors and listening to interleaved interlocutors. This finding suggests that listeners can construct concurrent interlocutor models and appropriately apply them to constrain word meaning interpretation. Experiment 2 (pre-registered) replicated the finding of concurrent interlocutor models and further showed that listeners chose between concurrent interlocutor models using accent details in a word (such that words pronounced more differently between BE and AE showed a larger accent effect) but not using voice details (such that the accent effect was comparable between listening to interlocutors of the same gender and listening to interlocutors of different genders). In all, our results show that listeners can construct concurrent interlocutor models of dialectic backgrounds and use accent details in a word to determine which model the word should be interpreted against.

The Epistemology of Reading and Interpretation

Reading and textual interpretation are ordinary human activities, performed inside as well as outside academia, but precisely how they function as unique sources of knowledge is not well understood. In this book, René van Woudenberg explores the nature of reading and how it is distinct from perception and (attending to) testimony, which are two widely acknowledged knowledge sources. After distinguishing seven accounts of interpretation, van Woudenberg discusses the question of whether all reading inevitably involves interpretation, and shows that although reading and interpretation often go together, they are distinct activities. He goes on to argue that both reading and interpretation can be paths to realistically conceived truth, and explains the conditions under which we are justified in believing that they do indeed lead us to the truth. Along the way, he offers clear and novel analyses of reading, meaning, interpretation, and interpretative knowledge.

The Concept of Freedom of Navigation in Light of ITLOS Interpretation in the Norstar Case

The long-awaited judgment on the M/V Norstar case has clarified – at least for the time being – the meaning, interpretation and scope of application of the principle of freedom of the seas as a long-standing, customary principle of international law. Through an historical analysis of the principle and a framing of the ruling within the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, this article aims at providing a critical reading of the decision of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.

信仰與斷裂——山中村祭祀圈的變遷與村民的奉祀理解

<p>嘉義縣民雄鄉山中村1（舊稱牛斗山或牛稠山），因牛稠溪域流經村莊而得此名，早期是全鄉人口最大村。山中村宗教信仰普遍為民間信仰，村莊主廟為廣濟宮，以奉祀池府王爺、媽祖、鄭成功為主，但村莊發展及信仰主體係圍繞池府王爺。本文採用文獻分析、田野調查及立意取樣後進行深度訪談，以探討山中村祭祀圈之形成，以及村民如何理解不同神靈之內涵，進而有助於山中村之社區發展與文化資源保存。</p> <p>藉由祭祀圈概念切入，以理解山中村社區各神靈祭祀圈的範圍與分布，進而探討地方社區信仰中心發展，與山中村民對不同神靈認知及意義之解讀。經研究發現：（一）隨著人口增加及集居地擴大，主廟的祭祀圈變大；由於廟務活動增加，牛斗山土地公廟的祭祀圈擴大；五營中的東、西兩營，未隨著社區的新增而往外遷移，因此祭祀圈無明顯變化。（二）山中村神靈祭祀圈的分布，「五營」與居民輪祀居住的地理範圍有關，原具有分群概念的輪祀傳統逐漸模糊：老者對此模糊；中年人認知些許；青年則不明白為何奉祀，宗教信仰傳承出現斷層的可能。（三）山中村民對不同祭祀圈神靈解讀有所異同，普遍難闡述神靈的由來及背景，較理解者屬老年人；其次為中年人；青年人則對神靈認知不清楚。（四）不同祭祀圈神靈意義與山中村民早期生活環境較有其關聯性，老年人多數提及身體健康及平安；中年人求財運、事業；青年人求課業順利。據此，就結論提出建議以供參考。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Shanzhong Village (formerly known as Niudou Mountain or Niuhou Mountain) in Minxiong Township, Chiayi County, got its name because the Niuhou Stream passed through the village. In the early days, it was the village with the largest population in the township. For the Guangji Palace, it is mainly dedicated to the worship of Lord Chifu, Mazu and Zheng Chenggong (Cheng Ch&rsquo;eng-Kung), but the village development and belief system surrounds Lord Chifu. This paper uses literature analysis, field investigations, and intentional sampling to conduct in-depth interviews to discuss the formation of the mountain village sacrificial circle and how the villagers understand the connotation of different gods, which can help the community development and cultural resource preservation of the mountain village. </p> <p> Through research, the concept of the religious field was cut in to understand the scope and distribution of the religious fields of the various deities in the Shanzhong Village community, and to discuss the development of local community faith centers and the understanding and meaning interpretation of the different deities of the Shanzhong villagers. The research found: (1) The religious realms become bigger because the population of village was increased；on the other side, Shanshang Viallage&rsquo;s religious realms become wilder due to the increase of temple actives. However, for the &quot;five camps&quot;, the east and west side of the deities&rsquo;s emissary did not extend so the Religious Realms can not protect the new village, (2) The distribution of the spiritual field in the Shanzhong village, the &quot;&quot;five camps&quot;&quot; are more closely related to the geographical scope of the residents&rsquo; rotation worship. The tradition of rotation worship with the concept of grouping is gradually blurring, and the old people are blurring; Understand why there is a possibility that there is a fault in the inheritance of religious beliefs; (3) Villagers in the mountains have different interpretations of deities in different religious fields, and it is generally difficult to understand the origin and background of deities, older than those who understand; older than middle-aged; more young Unrecognizable to the gods; (4) The significance of the gods in different religious fields is more related to the early life environment of the villagers in the mountains. The elderly have significant health and safety; the middle-aged people seek wealth and career; the young people seek smooth schooling .Then refer to the above research results to make research suggestions.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Lexical and Contextual Meanings in the Indonesian Song Terserah by Willy Winarko

Semantics is a branch of linguistics. This branch is important as semantics is related to meanings and without meanings, communication could not function. There are lexical and contextual meanings. By listening to songs, we can gain knowledge of how to appreciate literature and songs. Therefore, the researcher was interested in analyzing the meanings of the Indonesian song Terserah by Willy Winarko, which is a viral song focused on COVID-19. This study aimed to analyze the lexical and contextual meanings in the lyrics of this song. A descriptive qualitative research design was used. The results of this research were as follows: (1) the lexical meanings in the song are different from those in the context; and (2) the contextual meanings are oriented to the situation of COVID-19. Keywords: Semantic, Lexical Meaning, Contextual Meaning, Interpretation

The Implementation of Using Whatsapp and Youtube in FLTM Class: Teacher’s Perception

The objective of this study is to find out the teacher’s perception on the implementation of using Whatsapp messanger and Youtube in class B 5th semesters of FLTM classroom at Muhammadiyah University students of Kendari. Since teacher’s perception has not been investigated thoroughly in the earlier research on the implementation of using WhatsApp and Youtube media as a learning tools. This study employs qualitative study design to find out lecturer’s perception in teaching process using Whatsapp and Youtube. The instruments used in this study are documentation and interview and the data are analyzed using data reduction, data display, meaning coding, meaning condensation, meaning interpretation, conclusion drawing and data triangulation. The findings reveal that the teacher considered to implement Whatsapp and Youtube in teaching have several advantages and disadvantages in learning objective and outcomes. This can be viewed in the arrangement of knowledge of subject matter, teacher-students interaction, design of instruction, and course management. Furthermore, teacher’s beliefs in using Whatsapp and Youtube in teaching appeared to be strongly connected to the flexibility of teaching and learning process and learning content availability.

Divergent Interpretations and Inter-Organizational Relations of Halal Product Guarantee Policy in Indonesia

The emergence of the issue of halal products, both in the form of food and services, has also led to competition regarding the certification of halal products. Studies on competition between certification bodies have been carried out, but these studies do not focus on the competition that occurs in Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia which is a big market for the halal industry. In Indonesia, the implementation of the regulation of Halal Product Guarantee (HPG) in Law No. 33 2014 still raises problems, including the related issue of inter-organizational relations. This article discusses the relations between organizations based on the interpretation of each party related to the Halal Product Guarantee policy, and the consequences arising from it. This article used new institutional theory, and a semiotics approach as analysis of verbal signs and gestures raised by each of the parties. This article argued that the interpretations of each organizational actor towards the new halal certification policy in Indonesia are driven by different institutional reasons/logics, resulting in contradictions, even conflicts related to the relationship between organizations implementing the policy. The difference in meaning, especially in the connotative meaning, shows the difference in institutional logic. Thus, there is a divergence in meaning. Therefore, it is important to equate significance (meaning/interpretation) to each of the institutions related to Halal Product Guarantee in order to realize the implementation of the regulations properly.