FR. Le sport occupe une place non négligeable dans la société médiatisée. Dès lors, les productions informationnelles, à propos du sport, doivent être appréhendées comme des denrées objectivées (Quére, 2000) et « normalisées » dans le sens ou le sport est traité en fonction de significations sociales existantes, co-construites et légitimées par le journaliste lui-même. La diversité constitue-t-elle alors une norme ? Comment est-elle construite ? Comment est-elle perçue par les journalistes ? Dans quelle mesure cela interfère-t-il dans les pratiques et les discours produits ? Sur le plan théorique et méthodologique, l’analyse convoque les travaux de Denis McQuail (1997 & 2003) à propos de « the accountability of media ». L’analyse prend alors appui sur l’identification des procédés discursifs proposés par Schaeffer (1989), qui se structurent, d’une part par un acte communicationnel qui s’élabore sur la base des processus d’énonciation et d’autre part par l’acte réalisé. En l’occurrence, les données de terrain utilisées émanent du Projet RSJ-MéDiS, elles proviennent de différentes rencontres, journées d’étude, colloques, entretiens et échanges parfois informels. Si ces données permettent de mieux appréhender le contexte d’énonciation, l’analyse de l’acte réalisé, s’effectue quant à lui, au moyen des commentaires produits à l’occasion des directs consultés sur l’INAthèque. Les événements choisis sont les compétitions d’athlétisme à l’occasion des Jeux Olympiques de Rio (2016) et les Championnats du Monde de Londres (2017) diffusés sur les différentes chaines du groupe France-Télévisions (France 2-3-4). Dans le cas du terrain exploré, celui des journalistes de France Télévisions et au regard des évènements analysés, celui des compétitions internationales d’athlétisme, ce sont les normes et les valeurs communément associées au sport qui servent de cadre à l'interprétation des événements et des performances sportives. Tantôt inclusif, tantôt ségrégatif et exclusif, le discours oscille en fonction des fluctuations des normes sportives.
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EN. Sports take a significant place in our media societies. Informational productions on sports should therefore be apprehended as objectified commodities (Quére, 2000) and "normalized". This implies that sports should be apprehended based on existing social meanings which are co-constructed and given legitimacy by the journalist himself. Can diversity be considered as a norm? What does it consist of? How is it perceived by journalists? To what extent does it interfere with practices and discourses produced? The analysis developed refers theoretically and methodologically to the work of Denis McQuail (1997 & 2003) on "the accountability of media". It builds on the identification of discursive processes suggested by Schaeffer (1989), which are structured on the one hand by a communicative act that is elaborated on the basis of the processes of enunciation, and on the other hand by the act performed. In this case, the field data analyzed was produced by the RSJ-MéDiS Project: it was gathered during multiple competitions, workshops, symposiums, interviews and occasional informal exchanges. This data allows to better comprehend the enunciation context; however, analysis of the performed acts was conducted thanks to the commentary produced during the live broadcasts of selected sporting events. Those were consulted on the French National Archive Institute online consultation service, the INAthèque. The sporting events considered were the athletics competitions of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games as well as the 2017 London World Athletics Championships, which were broadcasted on multiple channels of the French public broadcasting company France Télévisions (France 2-3-4). In the present field of research – the discourse of France Télévisions sports journalists, and with regard to the events analyzed – international athletics competitions, norms and values commonly associated with sports appear to serve as a framework for the interpretation of sporting events and performances. At times inclusive, at times discriminatory, the discourse evolves based on the fluctuations of norms in sports.
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PT. O esporte ocupa um lugar significativo na sociedade midiatizada. Consequentemente, as produções informacionais sobre o esporte devem ser entendidas como mercadorias objetivadas (Quére, 2000) e “normalizadas” no sentido de que o esporte é tratado de acordo com os significados sociais existentes, co-construídos e legitimados pelo próprio jornalista. A diversidade é então uma norma? Como ela é construída? Como é percebida pelos jornalistas? Em que medida isso interfere nas práticas e discursos produzidos? No plano teórico-metodológico, a análise recorre ao trabalho de Denis McQuail (1997 e 2003) sobre "a responsabilização dos meios de comunicação". A análise baseia-se, então, na identificação dos processos discursivos propostos por Schaeffer (1989), os quais se estruturam, por um lado, por um ato comunicativo que se desenvolve a partir dos processos de enunciação e, por outro, pelo ato realizado. Neste caso, os dados de campo utilizados provêm do Projeto RSJ-MéDiS, advindos de vários encontros, jornadas de estudo, seminários, entrevistas e por vezes trocas informais. Enquanto esses dados proporcionam uma melhor compreensão do contexto do enunciado, a análise do ato praticado é realizada por meio de comentários produzidos durante as visitas diretas ao INAthèque. Os eventos escolhidos são as competições de atletismo dos Jogos Olímpicos do Rio (2016) e do Mundial de Londres (2017) transmitidos nos diversos canais do grupo France-Televisions (France 2-3-4). No caso do campo explorado, o dos jornalistas da France Télévisions e no que se refere aos eventos analisados, o das competições internacionais de atletismo, são os padrões e valores comumente associados ao esporte que servem de quadro para a interpretação dos eventos e desempenho esportivo. Às vezes inclusivo, às vezes segregativo e exclusivo, o discurso oscila de acordo com as flutuações dos padrões esportivos.
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Imprecision, personae, and pragmatic reasoning
