Differential response of oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers to mesterolone

Oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers differ in their ultrastructure, metabolism, and responses to physiological stimuli and pathological insults. We examined whether these fibers respond differentially to exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) by comparing morphological and histological changes between the oxidative anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and glycolytic pectoralis major (PM) fibers in adult avian muscles. Adult female White Leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus) were randomly divided into five groups: a vehicle control and four mesterolone treatment groups (4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/kg). Mesterolone was administered orally every three days for four weeks. Immunocytochemical techniques and morphometric analyses were employed to measure the changes in muscle weight, fiber size, satellite cell (SC) composition, and number of myonuclei. Mesterolone increased both body and muscle weights and induced hypertrophy in glycolytic PM fibers but not in oxidative ALD fibers. Mesterolone induced SC proliferation in both muscles; however, the myonuclear accretion was noticeable only in the PM muscle. In both muscles, the collective changes maintained a constant myonuclear domain size and the changes were dose independent. In conclusion, mesterolone induced distinct dose-independent effects in avian oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers; these findings might be clinically valuable in the treatment of age-related sarcopenia.

Differential Response of Oxidative and Glycolytic Skeletal Muscle Fibers to Mesterolone

Background: Oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers differ in their ultrastructure, metabolism, and responses to physiological stimuli and pathological insults. We examined whether these fibers respond differentially to exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) by comparing morphological and histological changes between the oxidative anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and glycolytic pectoralis major (PM) fibers in adult avian muscles. Methods: Adult female White Leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus) were randomly divided into five groups: a vehicle control and four mesterolone treatment groups (4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/kg). Mesterolone was administered orally every three days for 4 weeks. Immunocytochemical techniques and morphometric analyses were employed to measure the changes in muscle weight, fiber size, satellite cell (SC) composition, and number of myonuclei. Results: Mesterolone increased both body and muscle weights and induced hypertrophy in glycolytic PM fibers but not in oxidative ALD fibers. Mesterolone induced SC proliferation in both muscles; however, the myonuclear accretion was noticeable only in the PM muscle. In both muscles, the collective changes maintained a constant myonuclear domain size and the changes were dose independent.Conclusion: Mesterolone induced distinct dose-independent effects in avian oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers; these findings might be clinically valuable in the treatment of age-related sarcopenia.

CYTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF INTRAOPERATIVE PERITONEAL WASHES IN GASTRIC CANCER

Diagnosis of peritoneal microcanceromatosis is the most important task allowing to determine treatment strategy for patients with stomach cancer. Laparoscopy combined with peritoneal flushing and subsequent cytological examination should be performed to detect the peritoneal microcanceromatosis at the preoperative stage. The objective of this work was to improve cytological diagnostics of peritoneal washings using immunocytochemical techniques and the cell block method. The work was carried out on the basis of 276 surgical peritoneal washings in patients with stomach cancer who were on treatment in the department of high-tech surgery of the Moscow Clinical Scientific Centre of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution named after Loginov A.S. from June 2016 to June 2018. As a result, the optimal panel of monoclonal antibodies (Ber-EP4, CEA, CK20) was chosen, which increased the sensitivity from 52% to 96% and the specificity of cytological diagnosis from 80% to 98%, and the overall accuracy of the method from 67% to 98%.

Serotonin and neuropeptide FMRFamide in the attachment organs of trematodes

Summary The serotoninergic and FMRFamidergic nervous system of the attachment organs of trematodes were examined using immunocytochemical techniques and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Adult trematodes from eight families as well as cercariae and metacercariae from ten families were studied. TRITC-conjugated phalloidin was used to stain the muscle fibres. The serotonin- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive (IR) nerve cells and fibres were revealed to be near the muscle fibres of the oral and ventral suckers of the trematodes and their larvae. The results indicate the important role of neurotransmitters, serotonin and neuropeptide FMRFamide in the regulation of muscle activity in the attachment organs of trematodes and can be considered in perspective for the development of new anthelmintic drugs, which can interrupt the function of the attachment organs of the parasites.

IDENTIFICATION OF CELLS OBTAINED FROM BLOOD OF ONCOLOGICAL PATIENTS WITH HEMOCYTOFILTRATION

This article presents the outcomes of our own research of the detection of circulating cells in the peripheral blood of 48 patients with oncological diseases, using hemocytofiltration. The observed circulating cells (21 cases, 43.8%) have been represented by three variants: more often in the form of “bare” atypical nuclei (76.2% cases), also single conserved tumor cells (14.3%) and large shapeless single cells, probably of non-epithelial nature (9.5%). The difficulties of identifying the obtained cells in light microscopy and technical aspects of the usage of immunocytochemical techniques have been discussed.

Ultrastructural cytochemistry as a tool for studying transcriptional mechanisms

Ultrastructural cytochemistry is a powerful tool for investigating the biology of the cell nucleus. Thanks to its very high resolution, it has been possible to localize with extreme accuracy the sites of transcription, splicing and maturation of both mRNA and rRNA, their precise location as well as their movements. By means of immunocytochemical techniques, many nuclear proteins have been given a specific role in the transcriptional mechanisms, with the possibility of precisely mapping their location on a single RNA fibril. Starting from the 70s, the techniques have evolved from the resolution of autoradiography to that of gold-coupled antibodies, reaching a resolution of few nanometers. The use of correlative microscopy techniques as well as of electron tomography has also allowed the 3D imaging of ribonucleoprotein-containing structures in situ, in the nucleus. The association of a biological mechanism with the cytochemical localization of a specific molecule has been crucial in defining the functional organization of the cell nucleus, and has been invaluable for the understanding of many biological processes.