The Simulation of Traffic Signal Preemption using GPS and Dijkstra Algorithm for Emergency Fire Handling at Makassar City Fire Service

The Makassar City Fire Department often faces obstacles in handling fires. Problems that often hinder such as congestion at crossroads, panic residents, and others. The result of this research is a system that can assist firefighters when handling fire cases in terms of accelerating the firefighting team to the location of the fire. Dijkstra's algorithm will be used to find the shortest path to the fire location and the travel time. Then the traffic signal preemption simulation adjusts the color of the lights when the GPS vehicle approaches the traffic lights on the path to be traversed. The simulation results show that the use of traffic signal preemption in collaboration with Dijkstra's algorithm and GPS can help the performance of the Makassar City Fire Department, especially for handling fires that require fast time.

Firefighting Drones - A Safer & Efficient Technology to Confront Industrial Fires

Objectives/Scope This paper presents the variety of possibilities that this new technology can offer and how we can apply those technologies to optimize our HSE and take preventive measures that will be economically and humane solutions to crises. New technology, including Artificial Intelligence & Robots, does not necessarily mean it will replace human jobs and human judgment but will be used as tools to minimize hazards in critical situations and helps to solve the problems in a faster and efficient way. Methods, Procedures, Process The recommended technology to fight fire in hazardous zones can be described as a “firefighting drone.” This drone can be considered a faster and safer approach for fire suppression that can respond to any fire alarms and fly in narrow places inside the live plant, crude oil storage tanks, and navigate quickly to exact fire location without any fear of crashing it to anything and eliminates the risk of reaching high rise buildings where it is not secured and has low visibility. One such method is a firefighting drone that carries fire extinguisher balls, where it mainly consists of dry powders that contain melamine phosphate as an extinguishing component. This extinguishing ball works as a fire auto hydrant that is attached to the drone. This mechanism helps the drone carry the fire extinguisher balls to any place and throw the ball into the fire to suppress it. The main advantage of such fire extinguisher balls is its lightweight comparing to water, and it is environmentally safe and harmless to the human body if used in hazardous zones such as oil and gas plants. Results, Observations, and Conclusions Studies show that fire extinguisher balls have high extinguishing effectiveness and serve a wide range of applications. Results show that around 0.5 kg ball size has the ability to extinguish a 1-meter radius. This paper explains how easy its to build such a drone. However, due to the nature of this application using thermal resistance material is a must, and utilizing Artificial Intelligence will enhance the drone capabilities & will help to improve firefighting methodology. This type of drone is designed to be used in very high-temperature conditions and can be controlled safely from a ground station manually where you can see the fire location and assess the situation without the need to be there and wait for the fire team's presence. Novel/Additive Information With the use of the new lightweight fire extinguish ball, we can enhance the typical current firefighting method for small and medium-scale fire, where it puts out the fire faster & help us prevent it from growing to a more significant fire. The ultimate goal of this drone is to save the life of firefighters, plants, and equipment. Since the oil and gas industry is of high importance in the UAE, using proper and enhanced HSE measures will maintain our assets and avoid crises that will have a massive impact on business continuity.

Comparison of the Spreading Characters of Fire Products in the Typical Metro Stations of Washington, D.C., and Guangzhou

Fire is one of the most common disasters that threaten the safety of the crowd in metro stations. Due to the variations in the design of metro stations, the hazard posed by the spreading products of the fire can pose different risks. The typical structures of metro stations in Guangzhou and Washington, D.C., are very different from each other. In Washington, D.C., the “high-dome” structure is predominant in the construction of metro stations, while in Guangzhou, most metro stations have the “flat ceiling” structure. In this article, a numerical modeling for fire dynamic simulation is used to predict and compare the spreading characters of fire products (the smoke height change, the temperature distribution and the visibility change) when fires with 2.5 MW heat release rate occur in the platform center and at the platform end in the two kinds of metro stations. The results show that, in the same fire scenario, the lowest smoke heights monitored in the Guangzhou model is 0.6 m (fire at the platform end) and 0.8 m (fire in the platform center) above the safe smoke height in 360 s after a fire breaks out, while it is 6.15 m (fire in the platform center) and 6.2 m (fire at the platform end) above the smoke height in the Washington model. The temperature increment in the Guangzhou model is 23 °C (fire in the platform center) to 29 °C (fire at the platform end) in 360 s after the fire breaks out, while the temperature increment in the same period in the Washington model is 8.5 °C (fire at the platform end) to 9 °C (fire in the platform center). The visibility of most areas on the platform of the Guangzhou model is about 1 m no matter the fire is in the platform center or at the platform end at 360 s after the fire begins, while in the Washington model, the visibility of most areas is 1.5–13.5 mm (fire at the platform end) to 4–14 m (fire in the platform center) at the same moment. Based on the results, the environment is worse when the fire happens at the end of the platform than that when the fire happens in the platform center of the Guangzhou model. While the fire location has fewer impacts on the smoke height, temperature, and visibility in the Washington model, metro stations with a high-dome structure can be beneficial to fire evacuation safety; however, the construction cost can be high. Metro stations with flat ceiling are widely used in more cities for it has lower construction cost; to compensate for its weaker abilities under fire conditions, it is suggested that smoke exhaust systems should be carefully and fully considered.

Experimental study on the effect of canyon cross wind on temperature distribution of buoyancy-induced smoke layer in tunnel fires

Experiments were conducted in a 1:20 arced tunnel model to investigate the effect of canyon cross wind on buoyancy-induced smoke flow characteristics of pool fires, involving smoke movement behaviour and longitudinal temperature distribution of smoke layer. The canyon wind speed, longitudinal fire location and fire size were varied. Results show that there are two special smoke behaviours with the fire source positioned at different flow field zones. When the fire source is positioned at the negative pressure zone, with increasing canyon wind speed, the smoke always exists upstream mainly due to the vortex, and the smoke temperature near the fire source increases first and then decreases. However, when the fire source is located in the transition zone and the unidirectional flow zone, there is no smoke appearing upstream with a certain canyon wind speed. Meanwhile, the smoke temperature near the fire sources are decreases with increasing canyon wind speed. The dimensionless temperature rise of the smoke layer ΔTs* along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel follows a good exponential decay. As the canyon wind speed increases, the longitudinal decay rate of ΔTs* decreases. The longitudinal decay rate of ΔTs* downstream of the fire is related to the fire location and canyon wind speed, and independent of the fire size. The empirical correlations for predicting the longitudinal decay of ΔTs* downstream of the fire are established. For a relatively large-scale fire, the longitudinal decay rate of ΔTs* upstream of the fire increases as the distance between the fire source and the upstream portal increases, especially for larger canyon wind speeds.

Optimal exit choice during highway tunnel evacuations based on the fire locations

In the case of a fire, the choice of exit in the highway tunnel is strictly limited by fire location, which seriously affects the evacuation time. A spontaneous or disorderly exit choice might result in a decreased evacuation efficiency and utilization rate of exits. In this paper, we propose a strategy to obtain the optimal exit choice based on fire location during highway tunnel evacuations. In our strategy, first, the vehicle distributions and locations of evacuating occupants are determined in the traffic simulation program VISSIM. The evacuation simulation software BuildingEXODUS is employed to obtain the corresponding parameters of the evacuation process and analyze the impacts of different fire locations on the evacuation time. During the analysis, the optimal productivity statistics (OPS) is selected as the evaluation index. Then, the feature points of the crowding occupants are captured by the fuzzy c-means (FCM) cluster algorithm. Next, based on the feature points, the relationship between the location of the fire and boundary of the optimal exit choice under the optimal OPS is obtained through the polynomial regression model. It is found that the R-squared(R2) and sum of squares for error (SSE) of the polynomial regression model, reflecting the accuracy estimation, are 98.02% and 2.79×10−4, respectively. Moreover, different fire locations impact the evacuation time of tunnel entrance and evacuation passageway. This paper shows that the location of the fire and boundary of optimal exit choice have a negative linear correlation. Taking the fire 110 m away from the evacuation passageway as an example, the OPS of our strategy can be decreased by 35.6% when compared with no strategies. Our proposed strategy could be applied to determine the location of variable evacuation signs to help evacuating occupants make optimal exit choices.

Machine Learning Estimation of Fire Arrival Time from Level-2 Active Fires Satellite Data

Producing high-resolution near-real-time forecasts of fire behavior and smoke impact that are useful for fire and air quality management requires accurate initialization of the fire location. One common representation of the fire progression is through the fire arrival time, which defines the time that the fire arrives at a given location. Estimating the fire arrival time is critical for initializing the fire location within coupled fire-atmosphere models. We present a new method that utilizes machine learning to estimate the fire arrival time from satellite data in the form of burning/not burning/no data rasters. The proposed method, based on a support vector machine (SVM), is tested on the 10 largest California wildfires of the 2020 fire season, and evaluated using independent observed data from airborne infrared (IR) fire perimeters. The SVM method results indicate a good agreement with airborne fire observations in terms of the fire growth and a spatial representation of the fire extent. A 12% burned area absolute percentage error, a 5% total burned area mean percentage error, a 0.21 False Alarm Ratio average, a 0.86 Probability of Detection average, and a 0.82 Sørensen’s coefficient average suggest that this method can be used to monitor wildfires in near-real-time and provide accurate fire arrival times for improving fire modeling even in the absence of IR fire perimeters.

Rancang Bangun Alat Peringatan Dini Dan Informasi Lokasi Kebakaran Berbasis Arduino Uno

Bahaya kebakaran adalah bahaya yang diakibatkan oleh adanya ancaman potensial dan derajat terkena pancaran api sejak dari awal terjadi kebakaran hingga penjalaran api, asap dan gas yang ditimbulkan. Kebakaran adalah terjadinya api yang tidak dikehendaki. Proses informasi adanya kebakaran pada umumnya masih memakai cara manual, hal ini dilakukan karena belum memanfaatkan kecanggihan teknologi yang sekarang ini sangat berkembang pesat. Informasi kebakaran ini kurang cepat dan tepat khususnya pada satuan pemadam kebakaran. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang sistem yang dapat digunakan untuk menginformasikan kebakaran dengan cepat beserta informasi lokasi pada tempat terjadinya kebakaran. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode eksperimen dan perancangan baik dalam pembuatan perangkat keras serta perangkat lunak pendukungnya. Perangkat kerasnya menggunakan sensor api, sensor asap dan sensor suhu, dan menginformasikan melalui modul GSM serta modul GPS untuk membaca koordinat lokasi kebakaran. Hasil dari perancangan alat peringatan dini dan informasi lokasi kebakaran berbasis arduino uno bekerja dengan baik. Pada alat pengirim, saat kondisi ada api, ada asap dan suhu diatas 50 derajat alat mengirimkan sms untuk menyalakan alat penerima dan sms link google maps lokasi kebakaran. Pada alat penerima, saat alat menerima sms dari alat pengirim, alat akan menyalakan buzzer. Alat bekerja sesuai dengan yang telah direncanakan dan bisa digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya kebakaran. Fire hazard is a danger that is caused by the potential threat and the degree of exposure to fire from the start of a fire to the spread of fire, smoke, and the gas it causes. Fire is a fire incident that is not desired. In general, the information process for fires still uses the manual method, this is done because it has not taken advantage of the sophistication of technology which is now very rapidly developing. This fire information is not fast and accurate, especially for fire fighting units. The purpose of this research is to design a system that can be used to quickly inform fires along with location information at the scene of the fire. The method used in this research is the experimental method and design both in hardware and supporting software. The hardware uses fire sensors, smoke sensors, and temperature sensors, and informs via GSM module as well as the GPS module to read the coordinates of the fire location. The results of the design of early warning tools and fire location information based on Arduino Uno worked well. On the sending device, when there is a fire, there is smoke and the temperature is above 50 degrees, the device sends an SMS to the receiving device and the SMS link on the google maps location of the fire. On the receiving device, when the device receives an SMS from the sending device, the device will create a buzzer. The tool works as planned and can be used to check for fires.