Numerical framework for unsteady bioconvection flow of third-grade nanofluid over a porous Riga surface with convective Nield approach

The ultra-high significances of thermal radiation, magnetic field and activation energy in thermal enhancement processes allow significant applications in chemical and mechanical engineering, modern technology and various thermal engineering eras. The improvement in energy resources and production became one of the major challenges for researchers and scientists for sustained development in industrial growths. Beside this, the bioconvection assessment in nanomaterials conveys prestigious applications in biotechnology like bio-sensors, enzymes, petroleum industry, bio-fuels and many more. In view of such renewable applications, present exploration discloses unsteady two-dimensional flow of third-grade nanomaterial accommodating gyrotactic microorganisms induced by unsteady stretched Riga sheet in porous medium. The formulated flow problem is further scrutinized by utilizing the chemical reaction, activation energy, thermal radiation and magnetic aspects. The convective Nield constraints are further subjected in the current investigation. Apposite transformations are used to condense the nonlinear developed problem into dimensionless ordinary form. The numerical solution of such similar flow problem is presented via shooting technique. The detailed graphical illustrations of the dimensionless temperature, nanoparticles concentration, velocity and motile microorganisms for physical significance of diverse relevant parameters are deliberated. Furthermore, numerical data of local Sherwood, Nusselt and motile density numbers is designated in tabular form. Study accentuated that velocity increases for higher modified Hartmann and material constants, while the effects of buoyancy ratio and bioconvected Rayleigh numbers are rather opposite. The temperature, microorganism and concentration distributions were enhanced for unsteady parameter. It is also acknowledged that the concentration distribution is enhanced for activating the energy number. Moreover, the microorganism distribution enhances for concentration difference and magneto-porous constants, while bioconvected Lewis and Peclet numbers show conflicting trend.

Numerical Simulation of Laminar Boundary Layer Flow Over a Horizontal Flat Plate in External Incompressible Viscous Fluid

In this paper, steady laminar boundary layer flow of a Newtonian fluid over a flat plate in a uniform free stream was investigated numerically when the surface plate is heated by forced convection from the hot fluid. This flow is a good model of many situations involving flow over fins that are relatively widely spaced. All the solutions given here were with constant fluid properties and negligible viscous dissipation for two-dimensional, steady, incompressible laminar flow with zero pressure gradient. The similarity solution has shown its efficiency here to transform the governing equations of the thermal boundary layer into a nonlinear, third-order ordinary differential equation and solved numerically by using 4th-order Runge-Kutta method which in turn was programmed in FORTRAN language. The dimensionless temperature, velocity, and all boundary layer functions profiles were obtained and plotted in figures for different parameters entering into the problem. Several results of best approximations and expressions of important correlations relating to heat transfer rates were drawn in this study of which Prandtl’s number to the plate for physical interest was also discussed across the tables. The same case of solution procedure was made for a plane plate subjected to other thermal boundary conditions in a laminar flow. Finally, for the validation of the treated numerical model, the results obtained are in good agreement with those of the specialized literature, and comparison with available results in certain cases is excellent.

Experimental study on the effect of canyon cross wind on temperature distribution of buoyancy-induced smoke layer in tunnel fires

Experiments were conducted in a 1:20 arced tunnel model to investigate the effect of canyon cross wind on buoyancy-induced smoke flow characteristics of pool fires, involving smoke movement behaviour and longitudinal temperature distribution of smoke layer. The canyon wind speed, longitudinal fire location and fire size were varied. Results show that there are two special smoke behaviours with the fire source positioned at different flow field zones. When the fire source is positioned at the negative pressure zone, with increasing canyon wind speed, the smoke always exists upstream mainly due to the vortex, and the smoke temperature near the fire source increases first and then decreases. However, when the fire source is located in the transition zone and the unidirectional flow zone, there is no smoke appearing upstream with a certain canyon wind speed. Meanwhile, the smoke temperature near the fire sources are decreases with increasing canyon wind speed. The dimensionless temperature rise of the smoke layer ΔTs* along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel follows a good exponential decay. As the canyon wind speed increases, the longitudinal decay rate of ΔTs* decreases. The longitudinal decay rate of ΔTs* downstream of the fire is related to the fire location and canyon wind speed, and independent of the fire size. The empirical correlations for predicting the longitudinal decay of ΔTs* downstream of the fire are established. For a relatively large-scale fire, the longitudinal decay rate of ΔTs* upstream of the fire increases as the distance between the fire source and the upstream portal increases, especially for larger canyon wind speeds.

Evolutionary Design of Novel Coolant Passages for Cooling a Square Substrate by Single Stream

Different designs of novel coolant (i.e., water) circuits have been proposed using a well-established constructal law to cool a square substrate made up of aluminum oxide, and subjected to a uniform wall heat flux. Five different flow-path topologies: Case-1 (umbrella-shaped), Case-2 (dumbbell-shaped), Case-3 (hexagonal-shaped), Case-4 (down-arrow-shaped), and Case-5 (up-arrow-shaped) are evolved from a single pipe embedded in the heated substrate. The best cooling pathway has been anticipated by comparing the thermo-fluid characteristics of designs. A numerical route, via Ansys R 16, has been implemented to solve the transport equations for continuity, momentum, and energy along with relevant boundary conditions. The non-dimensional temperature and pressure drop for these cases have been quantified and compared, by varying the length and Reynolds number in the range of 2-3, and 100-2,000, respectively. We observe a decrease in the dimensionless temperature and an increase in the pressure drop with Reynolds number for all the considered pathways. At Re<=500, a rapid fall in the non-dimensional temperature has been noticed; and thereafter, it looks like a plateau for all cases. For Case-4, a minimum temperature is obtained at the non-dimensional pipe length of 2.5. At Lc/L=2.5, we observe that the Case-4 provides better cooling to the substrate among all other designs. Also, the pressure drop for case 4 is not too high as compared to other designs.

Impacts of Uniform Magnetic Field and Internal Heated Vertical Plate on Ferrofluid Free Convection and Entropy Generation in a Square Chamber

The heat transfer enhancement and fluid flow control in engineering systems can be achieved by addition of ferric oxide nanoparticles of small concentration under magnetic impact. To increase the technical system life cycle, the entropy generation minimization technique can be employed. The present research deals with numerical simulation of magnetohydrodynamic thermal convection and entropy production in a ferrofluid chamber under the impact of an internal vertical hot sheet. The formulated governing equations have been worked out by the in-house program based on the finite volume technique. Influence of the Hartmann number, Lorentz force tilted angle, nanoadditives concentration, dimensionless temperature difference, and non-uniform heating parameter on circulation structures, temperature patterns, and entropy production has been scrutinized. It has been revealed that a transition from the isothermal plate to the non-uniformly warmed sheet illustrates a rise of the average entropy generation rate, while the average Nusselt number can be decreased weakly. A diminution of the mean entropy production strength can be achieved by an optimal selection of the Lorentz force tilted angle.

Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Hole Imperfection on Film Cooling Performance

Film cooling holes in turbine blades are manufactured using different techniques, such as electro discharge, electro chemical and laser percussion drilling. The laser percussion drilling is the fastest one, making it a very attractive technique to use. However, some of the metal that has been melted by the laser solidifies inside the hole creating clumps that can reach up to 25% of the hole diameter. In order to comprehend the technique’s influence on film cooling effectiveness, the hole imperfections produced by laser drilling has been modeled as a discrete inner half-torus located at a specific location inside the hole. Film cooling thermal and hydrodynamic fields were predicted using various turbulence models combined with wall functions and the enhanced wall treatment. The k-omega SST model (for blowing ratios of 0.45 and 0.90) and realizable k-epsilon model combined with the enhanced wall treatment (for blowing ratio of 1.25) were chosen as results were in good agreement with the available experimental data from literature. The effect of imperfection position is studied at 4 different locations (1D, 2D, 3D and 4D) inside the hole measured from the hole leading edge, for three blowing ratios (0.45, 0.90 and 1.25) and a density ratio of 1. Effectiveness results for a blowing ratio of 0.45 reveal that the centerline effectiveness is improved as the imperfection is located farther from the hole exit. Compared to the perfect hole, the locations of 1D and 2D show a deterioration in the centerline effectiveness while the locations of 3D and 4D show an improvement from x/D=0 to 10. Similar trends for the 1D and 2D locations can be seen for a blowing ratio of 0.90 where the centerline effectiveness is deteriorated. Furthermore, for a blowing ratio of 1.25, all imperfection locations show that a better film cooling performance is obtained for x/D=0 to 4 compared to the perfect hole but then deteriorates slightly onwards. The present investigation also evaluates the influence of hole inclination angle with a hole imperfection on film cooling performance. Three hole inclination angles were investigated: 35°, 45° and 55°. Centerline effectiveness plots reveal a maximum effectiveness deterioration of 89% for a blowing ratio of 0.90 in the vicinity of the hole exit. Dimensionless temperature contours show that the jet produced in the presence of an imperfection is much more compact causing the counter rotating vortex pair to be closer to each other. The final investigation of the present work evaluates the influence of imperfection shape and size on film cooling performance. A circular and rectangular profile imperfections were investigated at obstruction sizes of 26.3%, 35% and 40%. Centerline effectiveness plots reveal a deterioration of 262.5%, 533.2% and 735.7% in effectiveness compared the perfect case at 26.3%, 35% and 40% obstructions respectively for a blowing ratio of 0.9 at a dimensionless distance of 10 downstream of the hole exit. Dimensionless temperature contour reveal that the lateral spreading of the coolant is more affected by imperfection shape at the location of x/D=2 where the circular shaped imperfection provides better laterally averaged effectiveness than the rectangular shaped imperfection especially of the 35% obstruction size.

Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Hole Imperfection on Film Cooling Performance

Film cooling holes in turbine blades are manufactured using different techniques, such as electro discharge, electro chemical and laser percussion drilling. The laser percussion drilling is the fastest one, making it a very attractive technique to use. However, some of the metal that has been melted by the laser solidifies inside the hole creating clumps that can reach up to 25% of the hole diameter. In order to comprehend the technique’s influence on film cooling effectiveness, the hole imperfections produced by laser drilling has been modeled as a discrete inner half-torus located at a specific location inside the hole. Film cooling thermal and hydrodynamic fields were predicted using various turbulence models combined with wall functions and the enhanced wall treatment. The k-omega SST model (for blowing ratios of 0.45 and 0.90) and realizable k-epsilon model combined with the enhanced wall treatment (for blowing ratio of 1.25) were chosen as results were in good agreement with the available experimental data from literature. The effect of imperfection position is studied at 4 different locations (1D, 2D, 3D and 4D) inside the hole measured from the hole leading edge, for three blowing ratios (0.45, 0.90 and 1.25) and a density ratio of 1. Effectiveness results for a blowing ratio of 0.45 reveal that the centerline effectiveness is improved as the imperfection is located farther from the hole exit. Compared to the perfect hole, the locations of 1D and 2D show a deterioration in the centerline effectiveness while the locations of 3D and 4D show an improvement from x/D=0 to 10. Similar trends for the 1D and 2D locations can be seen for a blowing ratio of 0.90 where the centerline effectiveness is deteriorated. Furthermore, for a blowing ratio of 1.25, all imperfection locations show that a better film cooling performance is obtained for x/D=0 to 4 compared to the perfect hole but then deteriorates slightly onwards. The present investigation also evaluates the influence of hole inclination angle with a hole imperfection on film cooling performance. Three hole inclination angles were investigated: 35°, 45° and 55°. Centerline effectiveness plots reveal a maximum effectiveness deterioration of 89% for a blowing ratio of 0.90 in the vicinity of the hole exit. Dimensionless temperature contours show that the jet produced in the presence of an imperfection is much more compact causing the counter rotating vortex pair to be closer to each other. The final investigation of the present work evaluates the influence of imperfection shape and size on film cooling performance. A circular and rectangular profile imperfections were investigated at obstruction sizes of 26.3%, 35% and 40%. Centerline effectiveness plots reveal a deterioration of 262.5%, 533.2% and 735.7% in effectiveness compared the perfect case at 26.3%, 35% and 40% obstructions respectively for a blowing ratio of 0.9 at a dimensionless distance of 10 downstream of the hole exit. Dimensionless temperature contour reveal that the lateral spreading of the coolant is more affected by imperfection shape at the location of x/D=2 where the circular shaped imperfection provides better laterally averaged effectiveness than the rectangular shaped imperfection especially of the 35% obstruction size.

Impact of Angular Magnetic Field and Convective Boundary Condition on Heat Transfer of Newtonian Fluid Flow in a Channel

In this study, the heat transfer of a laminar, steady, fully developed, and Newtonian fluid flow in a channel is investigated. The main goal of the present study is solving the hydromagnetic Newtonian fluid flow and heat transfer inside a channel with the angular magnetic field and convective boundary conditions on the walls. As a novelty, the effect of thermal diffusion and advection term the walls and Joule heating in the energy equation has been considered. The governing equations include the continuity, momentum, and energy are presented, and considering the assumptions are simplified. Afterward, employing the dimensionless parameters, the governing equations are transformed into dimensionless forms. The exact solution is provided for the momentum equation. For solving the full energy equation, the analytical collocation method (CM) is conducted. The results are validated using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method. The results demonstrated that the dimensionless velocity, the bulk temperature inside the channel, and the channel wall's heat transfer rate decline when the Hartmann number and the magnetic field angle increase. Since the Prandtl and Eckert numbers reduce, the dimensionless temperature becomes more uniform, and the heat transfer rate on the channel wall decreases. Since the Biot number augments, the dimensionless temperature inside the channel reduces, but the channel wall's heat transfer rate first increases and then reduces.

Quality Dahi Preparation in Automated Controlled Ambient Conditions

This automated controlled system eliminates the need of two separate places for incubation of the curd at higher temperature in the range of 39 to 43°C and then shifting the set curd cups into cold rooms for storage purpose and kept at about 4 to 5°C.The transient cooling process of dahi, set in cups and also in steel containers placed in cold air flow was conducted in this experimental study. Recording of the temperature of dahi-cups and of the supplied air were done at regular intervals until the temperature reached below 4°C to 5°C. The exponential curves of cooling by forced convection process for the dimensionless temperature of curd were obtained for the trials conducted at the different velocities of cooling air flow. It was found that the surface heat transfer coefficient increased and duration of cooling decreased by increasing the air velocities from 0.5 m/s by evaluating the Biot number and surface heat transfer coefficient. In the initial period of cooling this pattern was more effective and reduced for higher velocities of air from 3.5 to 4.5 m/s. The method of incubation and storing dahi-cups at the same place and changing the ambient temperature of the whole environment instead of changing the place of dahi-cups for cooling purpose have been applied in this research work to control the problem of whey-off in set-curd.

Temperature profiles due to continuous hot water injection into homogeneous fluid-saturated porous media through a line source

We report a theoretical study to determine the temperature profiles due to the continuous andconstant injection of hot water through a line source, into a homogeneous fluid-saturated porous medium which has had initially a constant temperature T∞. In our treatment we have taken in to account the simultaneous injection of constant fluxes of volume fluid, q, and of heat, φ. By using a far-field description, we found similarity solutions for the dimensionless temperature depending on the Peclet number, P e, as the single parameter of the problem.