Sanitary and parasitologic state of environmental objects. Analysis of work of the center for hy-giene and epidemiology in astrakhan region for 2015–2019

Objective. To study the sanitary and parasitologic state of environmental objects in Astrakhan Region for 20152019 at the example of studying the samples of soil, water and solid surface washes. Materials and methods. Over the period from 2015 to 2019, at the laboratory departments of The Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Astrakhan Region, 15253 samples from different environmental objects were taken, 21850 studies were carried out. The number of samples, which did not satisfy the hygienic norms, was 2.5 % (383 samples). Results. For the analyzed period, 4002 samples (26.2 %) of soil from the territory of Astrakhan and Astrakhan Region were taken and studied; 8004 investigations were performed. The number of samples, which did not satisfy the hygienic standards, was 7.5 % (300 samples). The number of samples of the washes from the solid surfaces was 56.7 % (8656 samples). Unsatisfactory samples made up 0.01 % (1 sample) in this sample, teniid oncospheres were detected (2019). The study of water samples taken from different water objects formed 17.0 % (2595 samples) out of the number of all sanitary and parasitologic studies carried out in 20152019. Water was taken from different sources of water supply including centralized water supply, water from swimming pools, water from open reservoirs and wastewater. Conclusions. The presence of moving larvae of palisade worms and toxocar eggs in the soil confirms the infested animal fecal contamination of this object, and the presence of ascarid, opisthorchis, Hymenolepis nana, teniid oncospheres eggs and dysentery amoeba cysts in the soil the infested human fecal contamination. The presence of teniid oncospheres in the solid indoor washes demonstrates the contact of the infested person with this object. The presence of helminth eggs and larvae, typical for animals and human being in the samples taken from the open reservoirs indicates, first of all, contamination of these objects by feces of infested human beings and/or animals as well as the supposed version of water contamination by wastewater. The presence of eggs and larvae of helminths in the wastewater, dangerous for animals and human beings, testifies to a low-quality work of treatment facilities.

Blood Chemistry Value Assesment in Hypodermatosis of Cattle in the Chechen Republic

This article is devoted to the problem of cattle hypodermatosis caused by Hypoderma bovis De Geer and Hypoderma lineatum De Villers hypoderma flies. The results of studies of blood chemistry value of cattle diseased with hypodermatosis in the Chechen Republic are revealed in the article. The examination of ten blood samples taken from cattle diseased with animals hypodermatosis showed an increase in the activity of creatinine parameters above normal by 60 % or more, a significant decrease in carotene indicators (within 50 % or more), a relative decrease in crude protein, a decrease in glucose levels, an increase in alkaline phosphatase and alanine-aminotransferase, reduction of the studied reserve alkalinity index vol. % CO2 from 2 to 5 units (12 %) is lower, in six samples an increase in the activity of immunoglobulin IgA. All this is connected with the complex of pathomorphological changes expressed in the mechanical impact – traumatization, intoxication and hypersusceptibility of the organism of the infested animal with the development of inflammatory and dystrophic manifestations associated with injuries of muscle cells and tissues, intoxication, and an acid-alkali balance of the body shift in the acidic side (acidosis), pathological liver abnormality or diseases, with the defeat of organs and body systems, edema in different parts of the body, defect of immunoreaction and homeostasis in the body. Information obtained from biochemical screen provide an opportunity to conduct a deeper assessment of homeostasis and the body’s ability to self-regulate, promptly and comprehensively diagnosing diseases, study the dynamics of the development of pathological processes and conditions in the body, determine the clinical course and justifiably prescribe a complex of effective household and medical-preventive activities aimed at reducing the economic damage to livestock [8, 10].

Prevalence and intensity of Oestrus ovis in sheep and goats in south-eastern part of Turkey

Oestrosis is a parasitic disease which is prevalent among sheep and goats in Mediterranean region. Slaughter house surveys to determine the prevalence and intensity of infestation by Oestrus ovis Linnaeus (Diptera: Oestridae) in sheep and goats, were conducted monthly for one year in south-eastern region of Turkey. A total of 804 heads belonging to 724 sheep and 80 goats were examined for Oestrus ovis larvae between May 2014 and April 2015. 72.75% of sheep heads and 50% of goat heads were seen to be infested with Oestrus ovis larvae. Of a total of 4723 larvae found in sheep heads, 2245 were detected to be first instars larva, 1231 second instars larva, 1247 third instars larva. Of a total of 259 larvae detected in goats, 150 were first instars larva, 79 second instars larva, 30 third instars larva. The mean of larval burden per infested animal was significantly higher in sheep (8.8±5.9) than in goat (6.5±5.0) (P less than 0.05). Monthly distribution of first, second and third instars larvae indicate that adult flies are active between April and end of September, first instars larvae enter hypobiotic period in October. In conclusion, it was revealed that to use an effective drug against Oestrus ovis that will be done during reproductive period of flies should start in April and continue until the end of summer due to high rates of oestrosis, parasite treatment that will be done when reproductive period ends should be done in October and November in the southeast part of Turkey.

Pathology of Infestation of the Rat With Nippostrongylus Muris (Yokogawa) III. Jejunal Fluxes in Vivo of Water, Sodium, and Chloride

The net fluxes of water, sodium, and chloride were measured in vivo by perfusion of the jejunum. There was a net absorption of these three substances from isotonic saline solutions in normal rats, but a net influx to the lumen in each instance in rats infested with the nematode Nippo8trongylu8 muri8. The unidirectional fluxes of sodium and the net fluxes during perfusion with hypo- and hypertonic saline solutions indicated that this was fundamentally due to a derangement of efflux while influx was unaffected. The gross effect, however, was also due to an increase of influx because of the greater weight of mucosal tissue per centimetre of jejunum in the infested animal. The unidirectional fluxes of water did not support these conclusions unequivocally. The fluid which accumulates in the infested� small intestine can be explained by these results.

The Daily Rhythm of Activity of the Cockroach, Blatta Orientalis L

1. Trapping experiments were made to investigate the activity of cockroaches in a naturally infested animal room. 2. Under normal conditions of illumination (light by day and dark by night), activity only occurred at night, and most activity occurred during the period just before midnight. There was little activity during the later hours of darkness. 3. Artificial illumination of the order of 6 m.c. almost entirely prevented the cockroaches from appearing. Even lower intensities of light greatly reduced the number which appeared. 4. Darkening the room during the day did not cause the cockroaches to appear, unless the room had been artifically illuminated during the previous night. 5. Mechanical vibration and air movements appear to have little effect on the rhythmic activity of the cockroach. 6. The rhythmic activity of the cockroach appears to be controlled by some internal mechanism which we do not yet understand. External factors like light can modify the rhythm and may temporarily abolish it, but under normal conditions it is readily re-established.