Chemical and Mechanical Actions of Drugs Active Group Used in COVID-19 Treatment

With the new global outbreak of the novel COVID-19, control and treatment has become critical. There is no medication proven to be effective for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome which is caused by COVID-19 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports. Most studies that have been done on this time are clinical trials. Those studies used several drugs like lopinavir, ritonavir, nebulized alpha-interferon and, aminoquinolines. The mechanism of action is not well known so far. This review studies the metabolites of the tested drugs with different kinds of the viral membrane which merging proteins based on mechanical criteria.

CSF3R T618I, SETBP1 G870S, SRSF2 P95H, and ASXL1 Q780* tetramutation co-contribute to myeloblast transformation in a chronic neutrophilic leukemia

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare but serious myeloid malignancy. In a review of reported cases for WHO-defined CNL, CSF3R mutation is found in about 90% cases and confirmed as the molecular basis of CNL. Concurrent mutations are observed in CSF3R-mutated CNL patients, including ASXL1, SETBP1, SRSF2, JAK2, CALR, TET2, NRAS, U2AF1, and CBL. Both ASXL1 and SETBP1 mutations in CNL have been associated with a poor prognosis, whereas, SRSF2 mutation was undetermined. Our patient was a 77-year-old man and had no significant past medical history and symptoms with leukocytosis. Bone marrow (BM) aspirate and biopsy revealed a markedly hypercellular marrow with prominent left-shifted granulopoiesis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of DNA from the BM aspirate of a panel of 28 genes, known to be pathogenic in MDS/MPN, detected mutations in CSF3R, SETBP1, and SRSF2, and a diagnosis of CNL was made. The patient did not use a JAK-STAT pathway inhibitor (ruxolitinib) but started on hydroxyurea and alpha-interferon and developed pruritus after 4 months of diagnosis and nasal hemorrhage 1 month later. Then, the patient was diagnosed with CNL with AML transformation and developed intracranial hemorrhage and died. We repeated NGS and found that three additional mutations were detected: ASXL1, PRKDC, MYOM2; variant allele frequency (VAF) of the prior mutations in CSF3R, SETBP1, and SRSF2 increased. The concurrence of CSF3RT618I, ASXL1, SETBP1, and SRSF2 mutation may be a mutationally detrimental combination and contribute to disease progression and AML transformation, as well as the nonspecific treatment of hydroxyurea and alpha-interferon, but the significance and role of PRKDC and MYOM2 mutations were not undetermined.

Influence of canine alpha interferon on the symptoms of secondary infections and its effectiveness as preparation preventing the development of late complications in puppies with parvovirosis

Influence of canine alpha interferon on the symptoms of secondary infections and its effectiveness as preparation preventing the development of late complications (convulsive phenomena, dehydration of the paws crumbs) in puppies with parvovirosis is investigated. Materials and methods. A randomized, prospective, controlled study of a new veterinary drug interferon alpha canine in a population of puppies with parvovirosis is carried out. We have included in the experiment 20 dog puppies of different breeds and sexes, aged 2…4 months, with an average body weight of 7.5 kg. A score system for assessing clinical symptoms was used. Hematological and biochemical parameters were compared on the 1st and 9th day of the experiment. Results. The use intramuscularly of interferon alpha canine reduces the periods of stopping symptoms of secondary infections and prevents the development of complications in dogs with parvovirosis (p = 0.003).

Management of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases with the active phase of chronic herpes simplex infection

Aim. To study the effectiveness of acyclovir in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases caused by active chronic herpes simplex 1/2 infection. Material and Methods. Among 380 patients with systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis) in 45 (11.8%) patients was diagnosed active phase of chronic HSV1/2 infection with help of viral DNA identification by polymerase chain reaction. These patients received acyclovir in three courses with a one-month interval between them. The effectiveness of treatment was monitored before and after treatment with help of virus DNA results in three bioenvironments (blood, saliva and swab from the lesion), of general and specific IgM, IgG antibodies concentration; levels of IgE, cryoglobulins, circulating immune complexes, alpha-interferon, C3-component of complement, the number of lymphocytes populations/subpopulations and of activated cells. Results and Discussion. After the treatment, it was fixed as significant decrease of specific IgM, IgG antibodies concentration as of the level of total IgE, cryoglobulins and cryofibrinogen. In addition it was observed as significant decreased level of alpha-interferon in the serum and saliva, as of the natural killers and number of lymphocytes, expressing the low-affinity receptor IL2 (CD25+) and lymphocytes with suppressive activity (CD4+25+). After the treatment it was observed by polymerase chain reaction a decrease of virus replication in 66.7% of cases. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate, that the use of acyclovir for the treatment of active phase of chronic HSV 1/2-infection might contribute as to the decrease in the virus replication, reducing the viral load, as to the suppression of aggressive autoimmune reactions, reducing the risk of allergopathology development. Key words: systemic autoimmune diseases, herpes simplex viruses, antiviral therapy

Histomorphometric indicators of chicken-broilers spleen of the cobb-500 cross within the species-specific interferon

The article presents the data study on the effect of recombinant avian alpha-interferon used by poultry flocks on the histomorphological structure of the spleen of broilers of Cobb 500 cross. The study shows the spleen of the experimental group chickens in a state of physiological maturity, which indicates the formation of the spleen as an immune organ in the early postnatal period becoming an important indicator of determining the state of the organism during its formation and adaptation to the environment.

The Contributions of the Gallo Team and the Montagnier Team to the Discovery of the AIDS Virus

In this paper I review the main works of the teams headed by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier which led to the discovery of the HIV retrovirus and to the blood test with which one can prove HIV infection. I show that this discovery which saved millions of human lifes (and perhaps the survival of mankind) was made possible only (i) because Gallo's team discovered the T-cell lymphocyte growth factor with which they were able to discover the first retrovirus that infects humans (HTLV-I) and their hypothesis that AIDS is caused by a retrovirus, and (ii) because Montagnier's team detected an antibody against alpha interferon in order to enhance retrovirus production with which they were able to discover the HIV retrovirus and their examination and blood test that gave evidence that HIV causes AIDS. Their examination was improved by the Gallo team who proved without doubt that HIV is the cause of AIDS. I leave the question open whether Gallo deserved the Nobel Prize or whether the Nobel committee's decision to award the prize only to Montagnier and Barre-Sinoussi was correct.

The Contributions of the Gallo Team and the Montagnier Team to the Discovery of the AIDS Virus

In this paper I review the main works of the teams headed by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier which led to the discovery of the HIV retrovirus and to the blood test with which one can prove HIV infection. I show that this discovery which saved millions of human lifes (and perhaps the survival of mankind) was made possible only (i) because Gallo's team discovered the T-cell lymphocyte growth factor with which they were able to discover the first retrovirus that infects humans (HTLV-I) and their hypothesis that AIDS is caused by a retrovirus, and (ii) because Montagnier's team detected an antibody against alpha interferon in order to enhance retrovirus production with which they were able to discover the HIV retrovirus and their examination and blood test that gave evidence that HIV causes AIDS. Their examination was improved by the Gallo team who proved without doubt that HIV is the cause of AIDS. I leave the question open whether Gallo deserved the Nobel Prize or whether the Nobel committee's decision to award the prize only to Montagnier and Barre-Sinoussi was correct.