Influence of Inorganic Metal (Ag, Cu) Nanoparticles on Biological Activity and Biochemical Properties of Brassica napus Rhizosphere Soil

Two separate forms of application of silver and copper nanoparticles (AgNP and CuNP in a nanocolloidal suspension) to winter oilseed rape seeds were used: (1) seed soaking (S) for 1 h at 20 °C in a NP suspension and (2) additional seed soaking and spraying plants 21-day-old seedlings (SP) with NP. The AgNP and CuNP colloidal suspensions in sterile distilled water were applied in three different NP concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg L−1). However, the changes in the biology and biochemistry of the Brassica napus rhizospheric soil after the application of CuNPs and AgNPs are not considerable, although mostly statistically significant, and the application of CuNPs is more beneficial for this activity than the application of AgNPs. The number of CFUs (colony–forming units) of the tested groups of culturable microorganisms (fungi and copiotrophic, oligotrophic, and siderophore-producing bacteria) indicates the following trend: the abundance of all the tested groups was slightly positively correlated with CuNPs and clearly negatively correlated with AgNPs in each version of application. The soil pH value and tested biochemical soil parameters (IAA: indole-3-acetic acid, PhC: phenolic compounds, FeCC: Fe–chelating compounds) were negatively correlated with AgNPs applied to the seeds (S) at all the tested concentrations and to the seeds and plants (SP) at the concentration of 50 mg L−1. In turn, these parameters were strongly positively correlated with CuNPs applied to the S and SP groups at the concentration of 50 mg L−1 as well as Ag applied to SP at 100 mg L−1. Decrease in dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was lower after the application of CuNPs and AgNPs in S than in the SP way, and the DHA activity was equal to the activity in the control sample after the CuNP application in 100 and 150 mg L−1 concentrations.

Use of factors of photoperiod duration and growth regulators to increase the yield of mixoploid plants in C0 generation in meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

It has been established that the studied mode of cultivation of meadow clover under controlled environmental conditions, with continuous illumination with an intensity of 18-20 thousand lux and a constant temperature of + 25 °C, causes significant morphological changes in meadow clover. Compared with the optimal (control), the proposed growing regime halves the development time of plants and by the same amount reduces the severity of morphological traits, while simultaneously causing apical dominance in 54% of plants. Spraying plants with phytohormone in the form of naphthylacetic acid in all studied concentrations reduced the growing season by 4-8 days and increased pollen fertility by 8-10%. The optimal concentration of naphthylacetic acid (NLA) was revealed to suppress the growth of secondary meristems in meadow clover under the conditions of an experimental plant growing regime. The most significant effect on the manifestation of apical dominance was shown by the use of naphthylacetic acid at a concentration of 0.001%. The combined use of the proposed growing regime and treatment with naphthylacetic acid at a concentration of 0.001% increased the yield of plants with apical dominance from 54.5% to 76%. The developed method has shown high efficiency for the creation of tetraploid forms of meadow clover. When growing clover C0 generation and selection of mixoploid plants, the yield of mixoploids increased 5.4 times, the survival rate of seedlings increased by 21%, the time to obtain one generation and the selection of mixoploids decreased by 58%.

Formation of oil flax yields when using biological drugs in the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine

It is noted that flax oil is a promising object in the system of biology of agricultural production, since it has a positive effect on the state of agrophytocoenosis and has a wide nutritional medical and cosmetic application. Production of oilseeds for food and medical purposes should be based on the use of biological preparations of abbrevy, protective and growth of regulatory action. The use of biological preparations on flax crops can improve plant nutrition, provide high-quality protection and contributes to the stability of agrocenoses affected by intensive chemicalization. Modern biological poly functional preparations provide phytohormonal regulation of basic physiological processes in plant organisms and contribute to adaptation to adverse environmental factors such as drought and thermal stress. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of biological preparations on the formation of indicators of oil flax productivity for seed treatment and soliloin feeding of crops during the growing season. The research was carried out on dark chestnut heavy loamy soils in the indigestable crop rotation of the southern Steppe of Ukraine. The object of research is microbiological preparations Ecophosforin, Binok TK, Asphosforin and organic fertilizer Bio-gel, which were used in accordance with the regulations. The experiment used the vera variety, which was grown in compliance with zonal technology. In accordance with the recommendations, biological preparations were used by pre-sowing treatment of seeds on the eve of sowing and spraying plants in the "Christmas tree" phase with a hand sprayer. It has been proved that the use of drugs, improving the nutritional and vital activity of plants, increased the number of boxes and seeds formed by one plant. The use of drugs Ecophosforin and Bio-gel has shown the greatest positive effect on the formation of elements of oil flax productivity compared to control and other options. The average seed weight from one plant was the highest with the double use of organic fertilizer Bio-gel (0.37 g), as well as in the treatment of seeds ecophosforin (0.35 g) and Bio-gel (0.36 g). Treatment of seeds with microbiological preparation Ecophosforin and organic fertilizer Bio-gel increases yield by 0.22 and 0.35 t /ha. Microbiological drug Azotophosforin should be used for processing seeds and crops in the "Christmas tree" phase, which ensures an increase in the yield of oil flax by 0.21 t / ha. The highest yield of seeds was provided by the treatment of seeds with organic fertilizer Bio-gel 0.99 t / ha among microbiological preparations Ecophosforin 0.86 t / ha.

Decoupling of Plant Growth and Accumulation of Biologically Active Compounds in Leaves, Roots, and Root Exudates of Hypericum perforatum L. by the Combination of Jasmonate and Far-Red Lighting

The plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) fine tunes the growth–defense dilemma by inhibiting plant growth and stimulating the accumulation of secondary compounds. We investigated the interactions between JA and phytochrome B signaling on growth and the accumulation of selected secondary metabolites in Hypericum perforatum L., a medically important plant, by spraying plants with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and by adding far-red (FR) lighting. MeJA inhibited plant growth, decreased fructose concentration, and enhanced the accumulation of most secondary metabolites. FR enhanced plant growth and starch accumulation and did not decrease the accumulation of most secondary metabolites. MeJA and FR acted mostly independently with no observable interactions on plant growth or secondary metabolite levels. The accumulation of different compounds (e.g., hypericin, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acid) in shoots, roots, and root exudates showed different responses to the two treatments. These findings indicate that the relationship between growth and secondary compound accumulation is specific and depends on the classes of compounds and/or their organ location. The combined application of MeJA and FR enhanced the accumulation of most secondary compounds without compromising plant growth. Thus, the negative correlations between biomass and the content of secondary compounds predicted by the growth-defense dilemma were overcome.

Siliplant: impact on the intake and degradation of pesticides in potato protection

Представлены результаты исследований влияния кремниевого удобрения Силиплант на поступление и деградацию протравителя Престиж; фунгицидов Акробат МЦ, Пеннкоцеб и инсектицида Шарпей в посадках картофеля. Установлено, что Силиплант активизировал поступление действующих веществ имидаклоприд и пенцикурон в семенные клубни при обработке Престижем, увеличивая их содержание на 20,6 и 6% соответственно. В период бутонизации растений имидаклоприд в основном был обнаружен в ботве картофеля. Его наибольшее количество выявлено при обработке клубней смесью Престиж 0,6 л/т+Силиплант 60 мл/т, оно было на 45% выше, чем при обработке клубней только Престижем в норме 0,75 л/т. Содержание имидаклоприда в столонах было значительно ниже, меньше всего его поступило в молодые клубни. Престиж обеспечивал защиту растений от колорадского жука, тли и других вредителей до фазы бутонизации. Силиплант также активизировал поступление циперметрина при опрыскивании растений инсектицидом Шарпей. Содержание циперметрина в ботве было на 46% выше при опрыскивании смесью Шарпей 0,07 л/га+Силиплант 1 л/га, в сравнении с применением только Шарпея в дозе 0,1 л/га. На содержание действующих веществ фунгицидов (Акробат МЦ и Пеннкоцеб) Силиплант существенно не повлиял. Основное количество диметоморфа обнаружено в надземной части растений, в столоны его поступило меньше, и еще меньше во вновь сформировавшиеся клубни. Снижение нормы расхода препарата Акробат МЦ в два раза привело к значительному сокращению его содержания во всех частях растения. Совместное применение его меньшей дозы в сочетании с препаратом Силиплант не привело к заметному изменению его содержания в растении. Аналогичные результаты получены по содержанию манкоцеба при использовании фунгицидов как Акробат МЦ, так и Пеннкоцеб. На фоне снижения норм расхода препаратов Престиж, Акробат МЦ, Шарпей и Пеннкоцеб в смесях с препаратом Силиплант получен наибольший урожай картофеля. The article presents the results of research on the effect of Siliplant silicon fertilizer on the intake and degradation of Prestige mordant, Acrobat MC fungicides, Penncozeb, and Sharpey insecticide used in potato planting. It was found that Siliplant activated the intake of imidacloprid and pencycuron in seed tubers when treated with Prestige, increasing their content by 20.6 and 6% respectively. During the budding period of plants, imidacloprid is mainly found in the tops of potatoes. Its maximum amount was found when treating tubers with a mixture of Prestige 0.6 l/t+Siliplant 60 ml/t, it was 45 % higher than when treating tubers with Prestige alone in the norm of 0.75 l/t. The content of imidacloprid in stolons was significantly lower and less of it was received in new tubers. Prestige protected the plants from the Colorado potato beetle, aphids, and other pests until the budding phase. Siliplant also activated the intake of cypermethrin when spraying plants with the insecticide Sharpey. The cypermethrin content in the tops was 46% higher when sprayed with a Sharpey mixture of 0.07 l/ha+Siliplant 1 l/ha, in comparison with the use of one Sharpey at a dose of 0.1 l/ha. The content of the active substances of the fungicides: Acrobat MC and Pennkozeb, Sililant did not have a significant effect. The main amount of dimethomorph was found in the aboveground part of the plants, less of it was received in the stolons and even less in the newly formed tubers. Reducing the consumption rate of the MC Acrobat by 2 times led to a significant reduction in its content in all parts of the plant. When combined with a lower dose of the drug with Siliplant, it did not lead to a noticeable change in its content. Similar results were obtained for the content of mankoceb both when using the MC Acrobat and Pennkozeb. Against the background of a decrease in the consumption rates of Prestige, Acrobat MC, Sharpey and Penncozeb in mixtures with Siliplant, the greatest yield of potatoes was obtained.

NAVIGATION, VALIDATION AND EVALUATION OF FOUR-WHEELED ROBOT FOR GREENHOUSE SPRAYING

This study investigates the potential of using a sprayer robot for the greenhouse with bell-pepper plants and compares its performance with the backpack sprayer. The infrared sensors were used to navigate the robot and the ultrasonic sensors were used to distinguish the beginning of each row for automatic spraying. Results showed that the robot's guidance was done well by the infrared sensor. It was capable for spraying plants on both sides of the greenhouse simultaneously with ultrasonic sensor. The sprayer robot had better spray quality and lower solution consumption and spraying time and spray loss than the backpack sprayer.

THE INFLUENCE OF COMPLEX FERTILIZERS AND GROWTH REGULATOR ON SEED PRODUCTIVITY OF AWNLESS BROME

The article presents results of the experiments carried out on leached black soils of the Republic of Mordovia to identify the effect of liquid complex fertilizers and Albit on awnless brome seed productivity. For this purpose, a two-factor field experiment was laid on crops of awnless brome on the experimental field No. 1 of OAO “Mordoviyagosplem” in Ozerny village of urban district of Saransk city in 2018 - 2020 according to the following scheme: Factor A – Time of application of liquid complex fertilizers and Albit. 1 - At the beginning of spring growth, 2 - In the phase of stalk-shooting, 3 - In the phase of spring growth + in the phase of stalk-shooting. Factor B - Liquid complex fertilizers and Albit. 1. - Without usage of liquid complex fertilizers and Albit (control). 2. - Megamix-profi. 3. - Megamix nitrogen. 4 - Albit. The results of the research revealed that the height of generative shoots (99 - 105 cm) and the length of panicles (14.6 - 16.9 cm) did not change significantly in case of application of fertilizers and Albit; the maximum number of inflorescences was, in comparison with the control, in case of application of Megamix-profi (28.4 %), Megamix-nitrogen (28.9 %), Albit (27.8 %) at the time of spring growth and at the beginning of stalk-shooting with Albit application ( 30.6 %); the usage of Megamix - profi in the phase of stalk-shooting and growth + stalk-shooting led to a greater seed number in inflorescences (68.2 and 68.6 %). Albit contributed to an increase of the number of generative shoots at all periods of application (141, 137, 144 pieces / m2); the largest number of seeds in an inflorescence was noted when spraying plants with Megamix-profi and Albit at the time of spring growth (101.3 and 100.4 pcs.), Megamix - nitrogen – in the phase of stalk-shooting (101.6 pcs.); the application of Megamix-nitrogen at the time of spring growth promoted the maximum mass of 1,000 seeds (4.17 g); spraying with Megamix-nitrogen (531 - 466 kg / ha) and Albit (507 - 466 kg / ha)at the beginning of spring growth and shooting, as well as with Megamix-profi (508 kg / ha) in the phase of stalk-shooting led to the maximum seed yield , with an advantage over the control by 35.1 - 29.0 %; 18.6 - 17.8 % and 29.2 %

Phytophagous energy plantings of willow

Purpose. Investigation of the species composition and the number of plant feeders in energy willow plantations. Method. Field, accounting, statistical, analytical. Results. Today, growing plants for the production of biofuels is a promising source of energy that have a high potential for energy recovery. Biomass of energy crops such as willow is a renewable energy source with zero balance of carbon dioxide and methane. Fast-growing trees such as willow are perennials that are able to produce biomass over a long period. However, like any plant, willow is a host tree for many living organisms, including insects. According to the results of our observations and records, among the latter, this crop is damaged by both soil and land plant feeders. Of the soil pests, the most dangerous for willow are the larvae of several species of May beetles, which feed on the roots causing significant inhibition of growth and development of plants or even their death. The number of these insects per square meter in different zones ranges from 0.6–0.8 to 1.6–1.9. In the focuses, the population density of the larvae per square meter reaches 8.8. In addition to beetle larvae, the root system of willow is damaged by the larvae of click beetles, Elatericlae, Blaps and Anisoplia austriaca larvae. The number of these larvae per square meter ranges between 0.8 and 2.3 and between 0.5 and 2.7, respectively. Of land pests, willow is damaged by Chrysomela saliceti (0.7–7.2, in focuses 3.2–22.0 pests/plant), willow aphid (population score 1.1–1.8, in focuses 1.7–2.3), Hyponomeuta malinellus (population ratio 1.1–1.2, in focuses 1.8–2.1), Leucoma salicis (0.2–0.3, in focuses 1.9–6.1 larvae/plant), Chionaspis salicis (0.7–1.0, in focuses 2.3–10.0 individuals), Tetranychus urticae (population score 1.0–1.3, in focuses 1.4–2.3) and Philaenus spumarius, (0.1–0.8 in focuses 1.0–3.4 pests/plant). The control of the number of these plant feeders is carried out by soaking of cuttings before planting in insecticide solutions, as well as spraying the plants with chemicals against land pests. Conclusions. Energy willow plants are damaged by many species of soil and land plant feeders, the number of which depends on the area of growing. Controlling of their number is carried out by soaking cuttings before planting in insecticide solutions and spraying plants.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYTOLECTINS AND LECTIN COMPOSITIONS APPLICATION FOR SPRAYING PLANTS DURING VEGETATION

The effectiveness of the soybean plants spraying with the soybean seed lectin solution during vegetation (against the background of seed inoculation with nodule bacteria and without seed inoculation), as well as the effectiveness of the winter wheat plants spraying with lectin-bacterial composition in green-house and field experiments was investigated respectively. It was found that spraying of soybeans in the phase of two trifoliate leaves development with a specific lectin against the background of pre-sowing seed inoculation with rhizobia caused a significantly positive effect on the functional activity of the symbiotic apparatus. The nitrogen-fixing activity of the rhizosphere microbiota remained unchanged, which may indicate the vector of lectin action when sprayed through the plant. At the same time, the activation of plants vegetative growth was noted, which was maximally manifested by the height of their above ground part. The activity of exogenous sprayed lectin was less pronounced on the background of seed inoculation with rhizobia compared to non-inoculated plants. Plants spraying with soybean lectin against the background of seed inoculation provided an increase in harvest compared to non-inoculated control by 12.8 g/plant, but by the factor of lectin action this increase was only 1.15 g/plant and was insignificant. Non-inoculated soybean plants when sprayed with lectin formed a harvest that was significantly higher (by 3.86 g/plant) than that of plants in the absence of lectin. At this, the increase by the factor of lectin action was 22%. The spraying of winter wheat plants in the phase of mass spring germinations with the Azolec preparation (without pre-sowing seed inoculation) contributed to a significant increase in harvest by 1.6 c/ha. Therefore, the application of soybean and wheat plants spraying, respectively, with soybean seed lectin and lectin-bacterial Azolec preparation (wheat lectin),without involving pre-sowing seed inoculation, provided a greater degree of plants productive potential realization compared to control (without pre-sowing seed inoculation and plants spraying during vegetation).

EFFICIENCY OF PREPARATION HUMISTAR ON PEA

Проблема и цель. Целью настоящего исследования являлось изучение эффективности препарата Гумистар на горохе посевном. Методология. Для достижения цели исследования и ответа на поставленные исследовательские вопросы изучен химический состав препарата на основе биогумуса, который сейчас общеизвестен и эффективен для сельскохозяйственных культур из-за высокого содержания питательных для растений веществ, улучшающих рост и развитие растений и, как следствие, повышающих урожайность. Исследования выполнены в КФХ Белоусов И.В. Старожиловского района при погодных условиях, близких к среднемноголетним. В опыте использовался препарат Гумистар при замачивании семян, опрыскивании растений гороха и поливе в разных комбинациях. Гумистар – это концентрированная жидкая форма биогумуса, представляющая водную вытяжку гуминовых веществ и микроэлементов. Для производства препарата использовался биогумус, произведенный червями в ОАО «Агрофирма «Грин-ПИКъ». Вода для приготовления раствора препарата бралась из пруда, расположенного в 20 м от горохового поля. По возделыванию зернобобовых Рязанская область стоит на 8-м месте в России, а по производству гороха – на 6-м. По площади посевы гороха занимают в регионе 14 место, им засевается свыше 3 % всех площадей, то есть более 29 тыс. га. Около 83 тыс. т зерна собирается в среднем в год. Объект исследования – горох посевной (Pisumsativum), относится к семейству Fabaceae, роду Pisum, у которого на метаморфизированных корнях формируются клубеньки. Вследствие этого наблюдается разная интенсивность потребления питательных веществ и воды в онтогенезе. Результаты. Поливы и опрыскивание растений гороха посевного препаратом Гумистар позволили достоверно доказать высокую агрономическую и экономическую эффективность на варианте 2 при поливах и опрыскивании: активизацию ферментов; увеличение массы клубеньков на корнях до 69 мг/растение; улучшение роста до 57 см и развития растений на 5-15 суток; рост урожая гороха до 27,7 ц/га; накопление сухого вещества в семенах до 59 г; рост уровня рентабельности до 80,7 %. Заключение. В результате исследования была установлена агрономическая и экономическая эффективность препарата Гумистар на горохе посевном при поливах и опрыскивании растений. Problem and purpose. The purpose of this research was to study the efciency of preparation Humistar on pea. Methodology. To achieve the research purpose and answer the questions, the chemical composition of the preparation based on biohumus was studied, which is now generally known and efective for agricultural crops due to the high content of nutrients for plants, which improve their growth and development and, as a result, increase the yield. The research was carried out at peasant farm Belousov I.V. in Starozhilovsky district when weather conditions close to the average annual. Preparation Humistar was used in the experiment, when soaking seeds, spraying pea plants and watering in various combinations. Humistar is a concentrated liquid form of biohumus, which is an aqueous extract of humic substances and minor elements. To produce the preparation, biohumus was used, produced by worms at OJSC "Agrofrm "Green-PIK". To produce the solution of the preparation, water was taken from a pond located 20 m from the pea feld. Ryazan oblast ranks 8th in Russia for the cultivation of legumes, and 6th for the production of peas. In terms of area, pea crops occupy the 14th place in the region, over 3 % of all areas are sown with them, that is, more than 29 thousand hectares. About 83 thousand tons of grain is harvested on average per year. The object of the study is pea (Pisum sativum), belonging to Fabaceae family, genus Pisum, having nodules on the metamorphosed roots. As a result, there is a diferent intensity of consumption of nutrients and water in ontogenesis. Results. Watering and spraying of pea plants with Humistar preparation made it possible to reliably prove high agronomic and economic efciency in option 2: activation of enzymes, an increase in the mass of nodules on roots to 69 mg/plant, improvement of growth to 57 cm and plant development by 5-15 days, an increase in the yield of peas up to 27.7 dt/ha, accumulation of dry matter in seeds up to 59 g and an increase in the level of proftability up to 80.7 %. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the agronomic and economic efciency of preparation Humistar on pea was established when watering and spraying plants.