RISKS AND EXPLOITS EXPOSED BY GDPR

This paper analyzes the flaws in the GDPR rules and regulations and tries to determinate the possibilities of exploiters to use the regulations in their favor to be able to commit wrongful deeds from the different correlations between companies and customers, companies and companies. It checks the ways of how the rules are exposed to flaws and how they can be used in a malicious way while effects are analyzed as impact on the business, on the free services offered and from the reduced ability to track cyber-crime. The study is focused on the improper aspects that can come from the GDPR like restricted technology access, poor customer services, huge business costs of adapting, restrictions on privacy and innovation and cybercrimes. The study is made about the exploits exposed to companies, to customers, inside or outside the territory of Europe. It analyses the relation between customer both to company inside or outside European territory including the aspects for the collaboration between companies no matter where they are located. The study is about exposing the negative aspects of implementing the GDPR rules and regulations with all that derive from this for informing the citizens on what they need to take into consideration while trusting different service providers thinking they are protected by the law.

FINANCIAL EDUCATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: COMPARATIVE STUDY

The importance of financial literacy has rapidly increased in the last decades. The critical need for sustainable financial decisions is driven by changes in the economy. The goal of this study was to find out how the university students rate their acquired financial knowledge and knowledge providers, with the purpose to find solutions for promoting personal financial education to promote financial literacy. The study used Explanatory sequential mixed methods design, in which a quantitative part of study was conducted among 1110 participants, followed by a qualitative part with a sample of 22 students. Students at universities of technology from two neighboring countries, Estonia, and Finland, participated in the survey. The data were collected in a quantitative part through a questionnaire survey and in a qualitative part during three focus groups. Based on the results of the quantitative survey, questions and participants were purposefully selected for the qualitative phase in order to explain the content of the quantitative results. The results showed that students’ interest to improve their financial literacy was high. The assessments revealed that most important financial knowledge provider was the family, and the university came next. The obstacle that was most mentioned in the pursuit of pre-university education, was a lack of interest in obtaining financial knowledge, which was largely due to boring teachers and learning material. The article presents students' assessments, opinions, and suggestions, and contributes to the literature on Mixed Methods Research (MMR) by describing the procedure how the solutions to the research problem was found.

CHALLENGES FACING SMALL TO MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN METSIMAHOLO MUNICIPALITY, SOUTH AFRICA

In South Africa, the failure rate of Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) amounts to 75% in an estimated interval of 42 months of operation. The purpose of this study is to determine the challenges facing SMEs in Metsimaholo municipality, Free State province of South Africa. Quantitative data was acquired from 102 Metsimaholo SME owners or their representatives, utilizing questionnaires which were completed, returned, and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 software. It was then established that economic factors have realistic control on the sustainability of SMEs. In addition, further development of SMEs is restrained by competition from immigrant businesses, transportation of inventory, inadequate management skills, substandard marketing, miserable manipulation of financial activities and business, unreachable loans. Notwithstanding the afore-said outcome, SMEs must carefully look at obtaining business skills coaching and support, enlarge or vary the range of products, put back any profits made by a business into it in order to make it more successful. Cooperation amongst SMEs would be a strategy for them to challenge rivalry. Therefore, SMEs will bargain from transportation of goods bought in large quantities for a unit price that is lower than usual.

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE: A COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF A PARENTING PROGRAM

The positive impact of parenting programs on the health and wellbeing of individuals and their immediate community has been confirmed in many studies. Often, and especially during the Covid-19 pandemics, prevention health programs are stalled due to other policy priorities. Costbenefit analysis (CBA) can be used for the economic evaluation of public health programs to support evidence-based health policies and allows the comparison of the monetized effects of programs across different societal domains. However, CBA requires a variety of data that are typically difficult to obtain. Using the Incredible Years (IY) parenting program case, we illustrate how CBA can be practically applied. For parenting programs, the positive effects arise exclusively in non-monetary form as benefits arising from avoiding adverse effects in society. We show how to monetize them by estimating the avoided costs of healthcare, educational, and other societal costs due to the program's implementation. At a 4% social discount rate, the economic net present value is positive and high, showing that the present value of the program's benefits exceeds the costs of the program by almost €800 thousand. The benefit-to-cost index of 5.6 confirms that every € invested in the program brings benefits of €5.6 in monetary terms. Cost-benefit analysis provides a convincing foundation for distributing public funds as it allows for a comparison of fieldrelated programs and programs from different fields. Consequently, they increase any public policy's effectiveness and efficiency, but especially preventive health policy.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SCHOOL ROLE PLAYERS IN ADDRESSING CYBER INCIDENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Cyber incidents are causing major challenges for school officials who are called upon to respond to these incidents involving learners, globally. Online threats take place off the radar screen of educators and parents, and this makes it difficult to address cyber incidents in schools and more impossible to monitor off school premises. The overwhelming challenges in South African schools are that there are no clear roles and responsibilities for relevant role-players when handling cyber incidents. Therefore, this article is aimed to determine the responsibilities of role players in handling cyber incidents in South African schools. The research used a qualitative approach and purposive sampling to collect data from the learners, to get their experiences and perceptions on reporting cyber incidents. The rationale for selecting learners was based on the view that cyber aggression is a very concerning issue in the school environment. The research went on to document the responsibilities of various role-players, which include the school with its educators, principal and the learners, the Department of Basic Education, the community, and the parents. The article focused on highlighting the roles and responsibilities of role players when handling cyber incidents in South African Schools and the views of learners on adults when handling cyber incidents. The study concludes that if the role players seriously follow their roles and responsibilities, cyber incidents can be reduced in schools. It is also important to note that role players cannot work in isolation; rather, they need a coordinated approach to share the responsibilities, as cyber incidents are not restricted to the classroom or school grounds. This problem requires all role players to work together, in proactive ways to intervene and reduce cyber incidents.

A REVIEW ON ACTOR-NETWORK THEORY AS A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES

Actor-Network Theory (ANT) is an ontological approach, emerging from science and technology studies. As an ontological frame, ANT proposes that the work of science does not differ from other social processes, and sociality should not be understood as a priori knowledge. Instead, ANT offers a lens to see science as an assemblage of social, technical, conceptional, and textual processes entangled with human and non-human entities by looking at their material nature. ANT proposes to follow traces of material relations and how that material nature constitutes social. There has been a considerable increase in the threshold of ANT and Architecture studies. ANT seems to offer new perspectives to understand architecture by looking at architecture from its own material reality. Thus, this study aims to reveal the whole picture of the studies in the threshold of ANT and architecture by analyzing ANT concepts implemented in architecture. By relating ANT concepts to the architectural field, this systematic review aims to understand ANT and its implications of architectural studies. Visualizing the relations of ANT and architecture related categories, the review is supposed to reveal gaps and the most studied fields of ANT in architecture.

DIFFERENT VIEWS ABOUT JOB OPPORTUNITIES AMONG BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS STUDENTS DEPENDING ON PERSONALITY TRAITS

Many students attend business and economics studies in Norway. Several skilled students with engineering background choose specialization in economics and business administration. This education provides many opportunities. The aim of this paper is to learn more about what these students emphasize in choice of jobs and career opportunities. This article provides support for the assumption that gender and personality traits (the Big Five) are linked to salary and career opportunities for business and economics students. Personal characteristics matter in students’ consideration of career possibilities, future wages, entrepreneurship, and contributions to society. Financial rewards are positively connected to the personality trait conscientiousness and negatively to agreeableness. Individuals with high score in the agreeableness want to help others. The trait openness is a good predictor for starting own business. There is still a gender gap. Women are not as concerned with high wages as men. Instead, the female students want to contribute more to society. The suggestions appear from a quasi-experiment involving 119 undergraduates from a university in Norway by asking them about their preferences and attitudes. The selected methods are factor analysis and linear regression modeling. The findings provide useful knowledge and information in the design and development of various study topics.

THE IMPACT OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON TEACHERS’ PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED TVET COLLEGES IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

Teachers play an important role in the development of human capital by nurturing and building the intellectual capacity of learners. Academic research revealed that teachers, particularly in Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) colleges are faced with array of challenges constricting the drive towards equipping students with the appropriate practical skills as a result of dwindling motivation. Previous studies in the canon of motivation and performance studies have largely focused on industrial organizations and financial institutions with a sparse attention on teachers of TVET colleges of education in Nigeria. The paper seeks to stimulate the important discourse of motivation as a pathway to the realization of effective teachers’ performance in Nigeria’s TVET colleges of education. The Multiple Case research design was employed with a total of 120 teachers recruited from three selected TVET colleges. Findings revealed that intrinsic motivation has no significant association with teachers’ performance. A positive and significant association exists between extrinsic motivation and teachers’ performance. Amongst all other factors of motivation, total basic salary package appears to be the most impactful motivating factor for teachers. The study makes a case that for a proactive and robust teachers’ performance, TVET must appreciate and harness effective extrinsic motivational strategies for viable teachers’ performance.

PUBLIC SPORT GOVERNANCE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE: MANAGING AND ORGANIZING PUBLIC SPORT SECTOR WITH A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BALTIC STATES AND SCOTLAND

Contemporary public sport governance takes place in a very different context than that of past decades. The public sport governance is comprised of a variety of basic aspects that build its managerial basis - legislative base, funding allocation and long-term strategic development. The research problem presented is the seeming ambiguity of the variety of theoretical aspects of public sport governance that define the real-life practice of various public sport governance systems across countries. The aim of research was to examine and analyze the theoretical aspects of public sport governance and to determine the practical differences through the comparative analysis of the public sport governance systems of the Baltic States and Scotland. The research was conducted using monographic and content analysis method to research the variety of theoretical aspects, while the comparative analysis method was applied to compare the public sport governance cases of the chosen countries. The main results of the research present that the available theoretical aspects of public sport governance enable a practical research to be conducted on a wider and detailed scale. The results proved that even the slightest difference between countries within their legal framework could prove its intention in furthering sport sector’s promotion. A definition of the term “public sport governance” was developed and proposed. It could be used in further research of the conceptual and practical understanding within the public governance, policy, sport management, economics and sport law fields as crucial part of the overall public sport governance within the national, regional and international economic framework.

FACTORS INFLUENCING ONLINE PURCHASE INTENTION: A CASE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN

The paper aims to study the factors that influence online purchase intention among university students in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2020 and April 2020 to collect quantitative data on the role of six factors on online purchase intention and their degree of influence among a sample of 513 university students in Karachi with or without online shopping experience. Findings suggest that perceived benefits, shopping orientations and customer satisfaction have a significant and positive impact on purchase intention while perceived risk has a significant but negative impact. Subjective norms and e-WOM do not affect purchase intention. Results suggest that customer satisfaction is the most prominent positive influencer of online purchase intention and perceived risk is the most dominant restraining factor. The results provide a detailed insight on factors influencing online purchase intention. This is the first set of empirical data on online purchase intention among university students in Pakistan and can be used by practitioners in design and implementation of online marketing strategies in similar environments.