High but not low tolerance populations of Japanese macaques solve a novel cooperative task

Primates ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Kaigaishi ◽  
Masayuki Nakamichi ◽  
Kazunori Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Macaques

Phylogeographic history of Japanese macaques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ito ◽  
Takashi Hayakawa ◽  
Nami Suzuki–Hashido ◽  
Yuzuru Hamada ◽  
Yosuke Kurihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Phylogeographic History ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Pattern and pace of morphological change due to variable human impact: the case of Japanese macaques

Primates ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Captive Populations ◽  
In Captivity

AbstractHuman impact influences morphological variation in animals, as documented in many captive and domestic animal populations. However, there are different levels of human impact, and their influence on the pattern and rate of morphological variation remains unclear. This study contributes to the ongoing debate via the examination of cranial and mandibular shape and size variation and pace of change in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). This species is ideal for tackling such questions because different wild, wild-provisioned, and captive populations have been monitored and collected over seven decades. Linear measurements were taken on 70 skulls from five populations, grouped into three ‘human impact groups’ (wild, wild-provisioned, and captive). This made it possible to investigate the pattern and pace of skull form changes among the human impact groups as well as over time within the populations. It was found that the overall skull shape tends to differ among the human impact groups, with captive macaques having relatively longer rostra than wild ones. Whether these differences are a result of geographic variation or variable human impact, related to nutritional supply and mechanical properties of the diet, is unclear. However, this pattern of directed changes did not seem to hold when the single captive populations were examined in detail. Although environmental conditions have probably been similar for the two examined captive populations (same captive locality), skull shape changes over the first generations in captivity were mostly different. This varying pattern, together with a consistent decrease in body size in the captive populations over generations, points to genetic drift playing a role in shaping skull shape and body size in captivity. In the captive groups investigated here, the rates of change were found to be high compared to literature records from settings featuring different degrees of human impact in different species, although they still lie in the range of field studies in a natural context. This adds to the view that human impact might not necessarily lead to particularly fast rates of change.

scholarly journals Stomach and colonic microbiome of wild Japanese macaques

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanyi Lee ◽  
Takashi Hayakawa ◽  
Yosuke Kurihara ◽  
Maho Hanzawa ◽  
Akiko Sawada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Macaques

Methods for Studying Morphological Integration and Modularity

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 213-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Goswami ◽  
P. David Polly
Keyword(s):  
Distance Matrix ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Euclidean Distance Matrix ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Graphical Modelling ◽  
Landmark Data ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Matrix Correlation

Morphological integration and modularity are closely related concepts about how different traits of an organism are correlated. Integration is the overall pattern of intercorrelation; modularity is the partitioning of integration into evolutionarily or developmentally independent blocks of traits. Modularity and integration are usually studied using quantitative phenotypic data, which can be obtained either from extant or fossil organisms. Many methods are now available to study integration and modularity, all of which involve the analysis of patterns found in trait correlation or covariance matrices. We review matrix correlation, random skewers, fluctuating asymmetry, cluster analysis, Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA), graphical modelling, two-block partial least squares, RV coefficients, and theoretical matrix modelling and discuss their similarities and differences. We also review different coefficients that are used to measure correlations. We apply all the methods to cranial landmark data from and ontogenetic series of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscatato illustrate the methods and their individual strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that the exploratory approaches (cluster analyses of various sorts) were less informative and less consistent with one another than were the results of model testing or comparative approaches. Nevertheless, we found that competing models of modularity and integration are often similar enough that they are not statistically distinguishable; we expect, therefore, that several models will often be significantly correlated with observed data.

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