Organizations and intensifications: Campesino federations, rural livelihoods and agricultural technology in the Andes and Amazonia

Agricultural extension system plays a crucial role in increasing agricultural productivity and farm income, strengthening food security, improving rural livelihoods, and promoting agriculture as an engine of rural economic growth. In India, a Central Department of Agriculture was established after the Orissa famine during 1866. Department of Agriculture in Bihar was established in 1912 after separation of Bihar from Bengal. After independence, several programmes like IADP, IAAP, HYVP etc were implemented in Bihar, which fetched good results. Later on, Training and Visit approach of extension was also implemented which was subsequently replaced by NATP. Currently, pluralistic extension services in Bihar is prevailing which includes central and state Government agencies, ICAR, KVKs, SAUs, NGOs and private sector organizations. Despite all the efforts, transfer of technology programmes are yet to achieve desired success. Duplication of extension services is being observed as many agencies work in same set of selected villages. Recently, using Agriculture Road Map of Bihar, Government has launched several agricultural development programmes for transfer of modern agricultural technology, which may likely to improve access of farmers to modern agricultural technology. To make extension more pragmatic, some of the activities including supply of quality inputs and market linkage of the produce should be the part of core extension programme.

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Alluvial plain dynamics in the southern Amazonian foreland basin

Earth System Dynamics ◽

10.5194/esd-7-453-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 453-467 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Umberto Lombardo

Keyword(s):

Sediment Accumulation ◽

Foreland Basin ◽

Rural Livelihoods ◽

Alluvial Plain ◽

Small Rivers ◽

Enso Cycle ◽

Landsat Images ◽

The Andes ◽

Seasonally Flooded ◽

Floodplain Sedimentation

Abstract. Alluvial plains are formed with sediments that rivers deposit on the adjacent flood-basin, mainly through crevasse splays and avulsions. These result from a combination of processes, some of which push the river towards the crevasse threshold, while others act as triggers. Based on the floodplain sedimentation patterns of large rivers in the southern Amazonian foreland basin, it has been suggested that alluvial plain sediment accumulation is primarily the result of river crevasse splays and sheet sands triggered by above-normal precipitation events due to La Niña. However, more than 90 % of the Amazonian river network is made of small rivers and it is unknown whether small river floodplain sedimentation is influenced by the ENSO cycle as well. Using Landsat images from 1984 to 2014, here I analyse the behaviour of all 12 tributaries of the Río Mamoré with a catchment in the Andes. I show that these are very active rivers and that the frequency of crevasses is not linked to ENSO activity. The data suggest that most of the sediments eroded from the Andes by the tributaries of the Mamoré are deposited in the alluvial plains, before reaching the parent river. The mid-to-late Holocene paleo-channels of these rivers are located tens of kilometres further away from the Andes than the modern crevasses. I conclude that the frequency of crevasses is controlled by intrabasinal processes that act on a yearly to decadal timescale, while the average location of the crevasses is controlled by climatic or neo-tectonic events that act on a millennial scale. Finally, I discuss the implications of river dynamics on rural livelihoods and biodiversity in the Llanos de Moxos, a seasonally flooded savannah covering most of the southern Amazonian foreland basin and the world's largest RAMSAR site.

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Change in rural livelihoods in the Andes: do extractive industries make any difference?

Community Development Journal ◽

10.1093/cdj/bst023 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 421-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

L. Hinojosa

Keyword(s):

Rural Livelihoods ◽

Extractive Industries ◽

The Andes

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Alluvial plain dynamics in the southern Amazonian foreland basin

Earth System Dynamics Discussions ◽

10.5194/esdd-6-2063-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 2063-2100 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

U. Lombardo

Keyword(s):

Sediment Accumulation ◽

Foreland Basin ◽

Rural Livelihoods ◽

Alluvial Plain ◽

Small Rivers ◽

Enso Cycle ◽

Landsat Images ◽

The Andes ◽

Seasonally Flooded ◽

Floodplain Sedimentation

Abstract. Alluvial plains are formed with sediments that rivers deposit on the adjacent flood-basin, mainly through crevasse splays and avulsions. These result from a combination of processes, some of which push the river towards the crevasse threshold, while others act as triggers. Based on the floodplain sedimentation patterns of large rivers in the southern Amazonian foreland basin, it has been suggested that alluvial plain sediment accumulation is primarily the result of river crevasse splays triggered by above normal precipitation events due to La Niña. However, more than 90 % of the Amazonian river network is made of small rivers and it is unknown whether small river floodplain sedimentation is influenced by the ENSO cycle as well. Using Landsat images from 1984 to 2014, here I analyse the behaviour of all the twelve tributaries of the Río Mamoré with a catchment in the Andes. I show that these are very active rivers and that the frequency of crevasses is not linked to ENSO activity. I found that most of the sediments eroded from the Andes by the tributaries of the Mamoré are deposited in the alluvial plains, before reaching the parent river. The mid- to late Holocene paleo-channels of these rivers are located tens of kilometres further away from the Andes than the modern crevasses. I conclude that the frequency of crevasses is controlled by intrabasinal processes that act on a year to decade time scale, while the average location of the crevasses is controlled by climatic or neo-tectonic events that act on a millennial scale. Finally, I discuss the implications of river dynamics on rural livelihoods and biodiversity in the Llanos de Moxos, a seasonally flooded savannah covering most of the southern Amazonian foreland basin and the world's largest RAMSAR site.

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