Abstract
Background
Family members’ responses to adults’ diabetes and efforts to manage it vary widely. Multiple aspects of diabetes-specific family functioning have been identified as important for self-management and psychosocial well-being in theoretical (i.e., theories of social support and collaborative coping) and observational literature.
Purpose
Develop a typological framework of diabetes-specific family functioning and examine cross-sectional associations between type and diabetes outcomes.
Methods
We used electronic health record (EHR) data to identify a cohort of 5,545 adults receiving outpatient care for type 2 diabetes and invited them to complete a survey assessing 10 dimensions of diabetes-specific family functioning. We used k-means cluster analysis to identify types. After type assignment, we used EHR data for the full cohort to generate sampling weights to correct for imbalance between participants and non-participants. We used weighted data to examine unadjusted associations between participant characteristics and type, and in regression models to examine associations between type and diabetes outcomes. Regression models were adjusted for sociodemographics, diabetes duration, and insulin status.
Results
We identified and named four types: Collaborative and Helpful (33.8%), Satisfied with Low Involvement (22.2%), Want More Involvement (29.6%), and Critically Involved (14.5%; reflecting the highest levels of criticism and harmful involvement). Across these types, hemoglobin A1c, diabetes distress, depressive symptoms, diabetes medication adherence, and diabetes self-efficacy worsened. After covariate adjustment, type remained independently associated with each diabetes outcome (all p’s < .05).
Conclusions
The typology extends theories of family support in diabetes and applications of the typology may lead to breakthroughs in intervention design, tailoring, and evaluation.
The use of sampling weights in regression models of recreational fishing-site choices
