Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Trypanosoma congolense infections in mice: a laboratory model for concurrent gastrointestinal nematode and trypanosome infections

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Fakae ◽  
L. J. S. Harrison ◽  
C. A. Ross ◽  
M. M. H. Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Concurrent Infections ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Outbred Mice

SUMMARYA murine model using Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Trypanosoma congolense has been developed for studying the effects of concurrent chronic gastrointestinal nematode and trypanosome infections. Female outbred mice were infected either with 500 infective larvae (L3) of H. polygyrus or with 104 bloodstream forms of T congolense or both. In concurrent infections, animals were dosed with both parasites simultaneously or the trypanosomes were injected 5 or 10 days after the mice were infected with the nematode. The course of infection was monitored by routine parasitological and immunological techniques for 30 days after the H. polygyrus infection. Concurrently infected mice were severely compromised, except when T. congolense was superimposed on a 10-day-old (adult) H. polygyrus infection. In H. polygyrus-infected mice, simultaneous or subsequent infection with trypanosomes did not markedly influence worm establishment or fecundity, but the female worms were slightly stunted. Surviving mice displayed a markedly reduced antibody response to H. polygyrus antigens and a slightly reduced antibody response to T. congolense antigens.

scholarly journals Heligmosomoides polygyrus Elicits a Dominant Nonprotective Antibody Response Directed against Restricted Glycan and Peptide Epitopes

2011 ◽  
Vol 187 (9) ◽  
pp. 4764-4777 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Hewitson ◽  
Kara J. Filbey ◽  
John R. Grainger ◽  
Adam A. Dowle ◽  
Mark Pearson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Peptide Epitopes

scholarly journals Structure in parasite component communities in wild rodents: predictability, stability, associations and interactions .... or pure randomness?

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (7) ◽  
pp. 751-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BEHNKE
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Wood Mice ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Helminth Communities ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Concurrent Infections

SUMMARYExperimental data establish that interactions exist between species of intestinal helminths during concurrent infections in rodents, the strongest effects being mediated through the host's immune responses. Detecting immune-mediated relationships in wild rodent populations has been fraught with problems and published data do not support a major role for interactions in structuring helminth communities. Helminths in wild rodents show predictable patterns of seasonal, host age-dependent and spatial variation in species richness and in abundance of core species. When these are controlled for, patterns of co-infection compatible with synergistic interactions can be demonstrated. At least one of these, the positive relationship betweenHeligmosomoides polygyrusand species richness of other helminths has been demonstrated in three totally independent data-sets. Collectively, they explain only a small percentage of the variance/deviance in abundance data and at this level are unlikely to play a major role in structuring helminth communities, although they may be important in the more heavily infected wood mice. Current worm burdens underestimate the possibility that earlier interactions through the immune system have taken place, and therefore interactions may have a greater role to play than is immediately evident from current worm burdens. Longitudinal studies are proposed to resolve this issue.

scholarly journals Heligmosomoides bakeri: a model for exploring the biology and genetics of resistance to chronic gastrointestinal nematode infections

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (12) ◽  
pp. 1565-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BEHNKE ◽  
D. M. MENGE ◽  
H. NOYES
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Wood Mice ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Heligmosomoides Bakeri

SUMMARYThe intestinal nematodeHeligmosomoides bakerihas undergone 2 name changes during the last 4 decades. Originally, the name conferred on the organism in the early 20th century wasNematospiroides dubius, but this was dropped in favour ofHeligmosomoides polygyrus, and then more recentlyH. bakeri, to distinguish it from a closely related parasite commonly found in wood mice in Europe.H. bakeritypically causes long-lasting infections in mice and in this respect it has been an invaluable laboratory model of chronic intestinal nematode infections. Resistance toH. bakeriis a dominant trait and is controlled by genes both within and outside the MHC. More recently, a significant QTL has been identified on chromosome 1, although the identity of the underlying genes is not yet known. Other QTL for resistance traits and for the accompanying immune responses were also defined, indicating that resistance toH. bakeriis a highly polygenic phenomenon. Hence marker-assisted breeding programmes aiming to improve resistance to GI nematodes in breeds of domestic livestock will need to be highly selective, focussing on genes that confer the greatest proportion of overall genetic resistance, whilst leaving livestock well-equipped genetically to cope with other types of pathogens and preserving important production traits.

Studies on resistance of sheep to infestation with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. and on the immunological reactions of sheep exposed to infestation. III. The antibody response to infestation with Trichostrongylus spp.

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Immunological Reactions

In infestation of sheep with Trichostrongylus spp., both the intake of larvae and infestation with adult worms stimulated the production of antibodies. The character of the antibody response in infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. thus differed from that caused by Haemonchus contortus. Sera of sheep dying from infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. were negative to the complement fixation test. It was found that older sheep responded serologically earlier and more vigorously to infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. than did young sheep. Subsequent doses of larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. elicited a more rapid and grester serological response, even in young sheep, than an initial dose of larvae. Previous infestation with H. contortus did not result in resistance to Trichostrongylus spp., whereas previous infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. heightened the resistance of sheep to subsequent infestation with the same species. It is concluded that the relative resistance of older sheep to Trichostrongylus spp. is due, a t least in part, to an earlier immunological response which is strengthened by subsequent doses of larvae. When infective larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. were superimposed upon an existing infestation of the same species, the egg count declined ;apidly and the development of the superimposed larvae resisted Doses of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. had no apparent effect on the egg counts of sheep infested with H. contortus.

Dipetalonema viteae infection in hamsters: enhancement and suppression of microfilaraemia

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Haque ◽  
D. Chassoux ◽  
B. M. Ogilvie ◽  
A. Capron
Keyword(s):  
Mature Male ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Dipetalonema Viteae

SummaryMature male Dipetalonema viteae released a substance(s) which caused eahanced microfilaraemia in infected hamsters. In hamsters implanted with female D. viteae, the microfilaraemia of a subsequent infection was suppressed. The microfilaraemia of female worms implanted in hamsters was depressed within 5 days when the animals were given a further infection with infective larvae.

The effects of vector control on the antibody response to antigens of Onchocerca volvulus

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Bradley ◽  
A. J. Gillespie ◽  
K. R. Trenholme ◽  
M. Karam
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Onchocerca Volvulus ◽  
Igg Subclass ◽  
Recombinant Antigens ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Hyperendemic Area ◽  
Control Programmes

SUMMARYThe effects of exposure to infective larvae on the antibody response to a cocktail of specific recombinant antigens of Onchocerca volvulus and to a worm extract were evaluated by comparing the responses of individuals from a vector controlled area with those from an area of continuing transmission by ELISA. Individuals from the vector controlled areas were found to have reduced responses to both antigen preparations. Amicrofilerdermic (mf–) individuals from the area of vector control exhibited significantly lower total and subclass IgG responses to the worm extract. In contrast, the responses to the cocktail of specific recombinants were significantly reduced in individuals from the area of vector control who were still microfilerdermia positive (mf+). The distribution of IgG subclass specific responses was similar to both antigen preparations, both dominated by the IgG4 and IgG1 subclasses. IgG1 responses to the worm extract remained elevated in the vector controlled individuals but IgG4 was significantly reduced in the mf – individuals. Both subclasses reflected the total IgG response to the cocktail of recombinants and were significantly reduced in individuals from the vector controlled area, when compared to individuals from the hyperendemic area. IgG1 responses to the cocktail of recombinants are significantly lower than IgG4 in all individuals and virtually absent in individuals from the vector-controlled area. Measuring total IgG and IgG4 is more sensitive than IgG1 in detecting infection, 100 or 97% respectively, but they remain elevated in the individuals from the vector controlled areas even after 8–10 years interruption of transmission. These results have important implications for the serological monitoring of control programmes in individuals who have previously been infected.

scholarly journals Assessment of the anthelmintic effect of natural plant cysteine proteinases against the gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. STEPEK ◽  
D. J. BUTTLE ◽  
I. R. DUCE ◽  
A. LOWE ◽  
J. M. BEHNKE
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Cysteine Proteinases ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Potent Effect ◽  
Kiwi Fruit ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus

We examined the mechanism of action and compared the anthelmintic efficacy of cysteine proteinases from papaya, pineapple, fig, kiwi fruit and Egyptian milkweed in vitro using the rodent gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Within a 2 h incubation period, all the cysteine proteinases, with the exception of the kiwi fruit extract, caused marked damage to the cuticle of H. polygyrus adult male and female worms, reflected in the loss of surface cuticular layers. Efficacy was comparable for both sexes of worms, was dependent on the presence of cysteine and was completely inhibited by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor, E-64. LD50 values indicated that the purified proteinases were more efficacious than the proteinases in the crude latex, with purified ficin, papain, chymopapain, Egyptian milkweed latex extract and pineapple fruit extract, containing fruit bromelain, having the most potent effect. The mechanism of action of these plant enzymes (i.e. an attack on the protective cuticle of the worm) suggests that resistance would be slow to develop in the field. The efficacy and mode of action make plant cysteine proteinases potential candidates for a novel class of anthelmintics urgently required for the treatment of humans and domestic livestock.

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