Surgical treatments for moyamoya disease (MMD) include direct revascularization procedures with proven efficacy, for example, superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass, STA to anterior cerebral artery bypass, occipital artery (OA) to MCA bypass, or OA to posterior cerebral artery bypass. In cases with poor development of the parietal branch of the STA, the posterior auricular artery (PAA) is often developed and can be used as the bypass donor artery. In this report, the authors describe double direct bypass performed using only the PAA as the donor in the initial surgery for MMD.In the authors’ institution, MMD is routinely treated with an STA-MCA double bypass. Some patients, however, have poor STA development, and in these cases the PAA is used as the donor artery. The authors report the use of the PAA in the treatment of 4 MMD patients at their institution from 2013 to 2016. In all 4 cases, a double direct bypass was performed, with transposition of the PAA as the donor artery. Good patency was confirmed in all cases via intraoperative indocyanine green angiography and postoperative MRA or cerebral angiography. The mean blood flow measurement during surgery was 58 ml/min. No patients suffered a stroke after revascularization surgery.
Investigation of Photoplethysmography Behind the Ear for Pulse Oximetry in Hypoxic Conditions with a Novel Device (SPYDR)
