The formation and the three-dimensional shape of slip bands in a fatigued dual phase steel were analyzed with the purpose of understanding the relation between fatigue crack initiation and the topography development on the specimen surface. Fatigue tests with small dog-bone-shaped specimens were conducted under fully reversed axial loading (R = -1) with a constant stress amplitude and were interrupted when the first slip bands occurred and at defined numbers of load cycles, respectively. Subsequently the surface topography of the specimen was investigated with a white light interferometer with hundredfold magnification and high numerical aperture (NA = 0.9) which allows analyzing the surface of individual grains. The results were confirmed by additional atomic force microscopy measurements. Based on this analysis the height, width and length of the slip bands are known at different stages of the fatigue process. The results obtained using white light interferometry and AFM, were checked by cutting individual slip bands with the help of focused ion beam thus revealing the true shape of the slip bands.
Laser cooling of a stored ion beam: A first step towards crystalline beams