Towards radiotherapy for uterine cancer

Internationalized internal armed conflicts have become a common feature of the past decades. In numerous civil wars foreign armed forces have intervened in favour of one or the other party and thereby attempted to influence the outcome of the conflict. Various causes have led to this development. One of them is the increased interdependence of States, as a consequence of which every civil war will affect other States and, conversely, the attitudes of other States may have an impact on the outcome of the civil war, even without any intervention. Another cause can be found in the world's ideological cleavage which divides nations and results in the overlapping of internal and international conflicts. Among further causes we can mention the existence of military blocs and of regional groupings which have an interest in preventing the overthrow of régimes within the bloc and tend to encourage alterations in other blocs. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the prohibition of the use of force in international relations. Whereas in earlier times States waged open wars in order to increase their power, today, due to the prohibition of the use of force, they rather endeavour to achieve the same result by interfering in the internal affairs of other States. Interference in internal conflicts is often a substitute for an international war. The instability of many contemporary régimes, mainly of the Third World, further favours the internationalization of internal conflicts.

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Indo-china: A Military-Political Appreciation

World Politics ◽

10.2307/2009045 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 186-218

Author(s):

Edward L. Katzenbach

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Military History ◽

Main Line ◽

38Th Parallel ◽

Yalu River ◽

International War ◽

Line Of Resistance

The war in Indo-China, sinister, bloody, and seemingly endless, presents as curious a farrago of paradoxes and incongruities as any in recent military history. For one thing, its character has changed from a colonial to a civil war. It has changed from a war fought for the restitution of French sovereignty by a professional, traditionally colonial army to a war in which the same army is still fighting, but now side by side with native troops for the avowed purpose of securing the former colony's independence against the threat of Communist imperialism. Thus, in a sense, it has also become an international war, with Indo-China one of the areas ignited by the friction between the free and the Communist worlds. Indeed, it may be argued that the French forces in Indo-China are fighting the flank action of another and greater conflict, the main line of resistance of which lies somewhere between the 38th Parallel and the Yalu River in Korea.

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International War, National War, Civil War: Spain and Counterrevolution (1793–1840)

Republics at War, 1776–1840 ◽

10.1057/9781137328823_13 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 241-259

Author(s):

Pedro Rújula

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

International War

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Child Soldiers and the Contested Imaginary of Community after War

Out of War ◽

10.1525/california/9780520294370.003.0009 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 198-217

Author(s):

Mariane C. Ferme

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

War Crimes ◽

Child Soldiers ◽

Small Scale ◽

Child Soldier ◽

Post Traumatic ◽

International War ◽

War Crimes Tribunals

This chapter examines the emergence of the figure of the child soldier in African conflicts and of the criminalization of forced conscription of children in combat in international war crimes jurisprudence, particularly at the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)—one of the first war crimes tribunals to secure convictions on this count. The chapter examines the context of a civil war that often split small-scale communities and of a society that offers individuals multiple communities of belonging, thus complicating choices about the reintegration of demobilized, war-affected youth. Through two cases of war-affected youth, the chapter questions the humanitarian application of “normative post-traumatic” practices of psychological narrativization of trauma, leading to ambiguous and ambivalent returns in communities of origin, where forms of collective forgetting were preferred as strategies for addressing harms and war reparations.

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Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature

World Politics ◽

10.1017/s0043887100020074 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 437-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 135

Author(s):

Nicholas Sambanis

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Civil Wars ◽

Ethnic Violence ◽

Data Set ◽

Population Movements ◽

Physical Separation ◽

Large N ◽

Main Determinants ◽

International War ◽

Ethnic War

Theorists of ethnic conflict have argued that the physical separation of warring ethnic groups may be the only possible solution to civil war. They argue that without territorial partition and, if necessary, forced population movements the war cannot end and genocide is likely. Other scholars have counterargued that partition only replaces internal war with international war, that it creates undemocratic successor states, and that it generates tremendous human suffering. This debate has so far been informed by very few important case studies. This article uses a new data set on civil wars to identify the main determinants of war-related partitions and estimate their impact on democratization, on the probability that war will recur, and on low-level ethnic violence. This is the first large-N quantitative analysis of this topic, testing the propositions of partition theory and weighing heavily on the side of its critics. Most assertions of partition theorists fail to pass rigorous empirical tests. The article also identifies some determinants of democratization after civil war, as well as the determinants of recurring ethnic violence. These empirical findings are used to formulate an alternative proposal for ending ethnic violence.

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International War, National War, Civil War

Republics at War, 1776–1840 ◽

10.1057/9781137328823.0022 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Pedro RÃºjula

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

International War

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Security and Displacement in Iraq: Responding to the Forced Migration Crisis

International Security ◽

10.1162/isec.2008.33.2.95 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 95-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Sarah Kenyon Lischer

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Forced Migration ◽

Population Movements ◽

International Borders ◽

Wide Scale ◽

Mere Presence ◽

Displaced People ◽

Militant Groups ◽

Migration Crisis ◽

International War

Since the 2006 bombing of the al-Askari Mosque, 4.5 million Iraqis have fled their homes, and displacement has become a central strategy in the civil war. Militant groups have engineered these colossal population movements to consolidate their power and expand their territorial claims. As this crisis demonstrates, displacement can expand and intensify violence during a civil war. In addition, refugee flows increase the risk that conflict will spread across international borders. In some cases, refugee militarization can lead to international war and regional destabilization. Even if the displaced Iraqis do not join militant groups, their mere presence will exacerbate political tensions. To prevent the wide-scale militarization of the displaced Iraqis, donors and host states should heed the following policy recommendations. First, provide a massive infusion of humanitarian aid. Second, resist the temptation to build camps to house the displaced. Third, do not return the displaced people home against their will. Fourth, expand and expedite the resettlement process, especially for vulnerable Iraqis such as those who were once coalition employees.

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