Living through Communism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigore Pop-Eleches ◽  
Joshua A. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Communism

This chapter provides a more focused living through communism model to explain attitudinal divergence among post-communist citizens. In particular, it lays out the specific variables expected—based on the history of communism and how it developed in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe—to have potentially increased the intensity of the communist message to which citizens were exposed and the resistance that citizens might have had to that exposure. The chapter takes a two-part approach to doing so. The first half of this chapter provides some general background on Soviet communism. The second half presents and motivates the living through communism intensifying and resistance hypotheses that will be tested in chapters 4–7.

Palaeobiogeography of early planktonic foraminifera

2009 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Hudson ◽  
Malcolm B. Hart ◽  
Christopher W. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Planktonic Foraminifera ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
New Genera ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alternative Species

Abstract Over the last 50 years, our knowledge of early planktonic foraminifera has changed markedly. In 1958 Grigelis described “Globigerina oxfordiana” from the Upper Jurassic of Lithuania and this has, subsequently, become identified as one of the most geographically widespread of Jurassic planktonic taxa. There is a danger in that many authors identify any planktonic foraminiferid from the Jurassic as this taxon, rather than consider the alternative species described in the literature. In the period from 1967 to 1973, however, Dr W. Fuchs (Austria) identified a number of new taxa from the Triassic and Jurassic of Austria and the Jurassic of Poland and claimed that the history of planktonic foraminifera began in the Triassic. Following a long re-investigation of all his material in the Geologische Bundesanstalt in Vienna by the authors it appears that one of his new genera, Praegubkinella, was probably the ancestor of Conoglobigerina in the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). The first conoglobigerinids have been described from Toarcian – Aalenian – Bajocian strata in Central and Eastern Europe (including parts of the Former Soviet Union). The palaeobiogeography of Conoglobigerina and other related genera such as Globuligerina, Haeuslerina and Compactogerina are discussed and the problems yet to be resolved (e.g., records of “planktonic” taxa in the Triassic/Jurassic offshore N.W. Australia) are documented. The distribution (and evolution) of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera appear to be related to sea level highstands and continental fragmentation, especially in the earliest Cretaceous.

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