Marginal technology based on consequential life cycle assessment. The case of Colombia

Electricity data is one of the key factors in life cycle assessment (LCA). There are two different approaches to model electricity and to apply average or marginal data in LCA studies. Marginal data is used in consequential whereas average data is considered in attributional studies. The aim of this study is to provide the long-term marginal technology for electricity power generation in Colombia until 2030. This technology is one capable of responding to small changes in demand on the market and is an important issue when assessing the environmental impacts of providing electricity. Colombia is a developing country with a national power grid, which historically has been dominated by Hydropower rather than fossil fuels. This particularity makes Colombian national power grid vulnerable to climatic variations; therefore, the country needs to introduce renewable resources into the power grid. This study uses consequential life cycle assessment and data from Colombian national plans for capacity changes in the power grid. The results show that whereas marginal electricity technology would most probably be Hydropower, Wind and Solar power are projected to reach more than 1% of the national power grid by 2030.

Marginal Generation Technology in the Chinese Power Market towards 2030 Based on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment

Electricity consumption is often the hotspot of life cycle assessment (LCA) of products, industrial activities, or services. The objective of this paper is to provide a consistent, scientific, region-specific electricity-supply-based inventory of electricity generation technology for national and regional power grids. Marginal electricity generation technology is pivotal in assessing impacts related to additional consumption of electricity. China covers a large geographical area with regional supply grids; these are arguably equally or less integrated. Meanwhile, it is also a country with internal imbalances in regional energy supply and demand. Therefore, we suggest an approach to achieve a geographical subdivision of the Chinese electricity grid, corresponding to the interprovincial regional power grids, namely the North, the Northeast, the East, the Central, the Northwest, and the Southwest China Grids, and the China Southern Power Grid. The approach combines information from the Chinese national plans on for capacity changes in both production and distribution grids, and knowledge of resource availability. The results show that nationally, marginal technology is coal-fired electricity generation, which is the same scenario in the North and Northwest China Grid. In the Northeast, East, and Central China Grid, nuclear power gradually replaces coal-fired electricity and becomes the marginal technology. In the Southwest China Grid and the China Southern Power Grid, the marginal electricity is hydropower towards 2030.