Sources of the mitochondrial gene pool of Russians by the results of analysis of modern and paleogenomic data

Paleogenomic studies of recent years have shown that the Bronze Age migrations of populations of the PontoCaspian steppes from the east to the west of Europe had a great influence on the formation of the genetic makeup of modern Europeans. The results of studies of the variability of mitochondrial genomes in the modern Russian populations of Eastern Europe also made it possible to identify an increase in the effective population size during the Bronze Age, which, apparently, could be related to the migration processes of this time. This paper presents the results of analysis of data on the variability of entire mitochondrial genomes in the modern Russian populations in comparison with the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in the ancient populations of Europe and the Caucasus of the Neolithic and Bronze Age. It was shown that the formation of the modern appearance of the Russian mitochondrial gene pool began approximately 4 thousand years B.C. due to the influx of mtDNA haplotypes characteristic of the population of Central and Western Europe to the east of Europe. It is assumed that the migrations of the ancient populations of the Ponto-Caspian steppes in the western direction led to the formation of mixed populations in Central Europe, bearing mitochondrial haplogroups H, J, T, K, W characteristic of Western and Central Europeans. Further expansion of these populations to the east of Europe and further to Asia explains the emergence of new features of the mitochondrial gene pool in Eastern Europeans. The results of a phylogeographic analysis are also presented, showing that the features of the geographical distribution of the subgroups of the mitochondrial haplogroup R1a in Europe are a reflection of the “Caucasian” component that appeared in the gene pools of various groups of Europeans during the migration of the Bronze Age. The results of phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial haplogroups U2e2a1d, U4d2, N1a1a1a1, H2b, and H8b1 testify to the migrations of ancient Eastern Europeans to Asia – the south of Siberia and the Indian subcontinent.