Observing spatio-temporal clustering and separation using interevent distributions of regional earthquakes

Past studies that attempted to quantify the spatio-temporal organization of seismicity have defined the conditions by which an event and those that follow it can be related in space and/or time. In this work, we use the simplest measures of spatio-temporal separation: the interevent distances R and interevent times T between pairs of successive events. We observe that after a characteristic value R*, the distributions of R begin to follow that of a randomly shuffled sequence, suggesting that events separated by R > R* are more likely to be uncorrelated events generated independent of one another. Interestingly, the conditional T distributions for short-distance (long-distance) events, R ≤ R* (R > R*), peak at correspondingly short (long) T values, signifying the spatio-temporal clustering (separation) of correlated (independent) events. By considering different threshold magnitudes within a range that ensures substantial catalogue completeness, invariant quantities related to the spatial and temporal spacing of correlated events and the rate of generation of independent events emerge naturally.

Gaia: how to map a billion stars with a billion pixels

Gaia, ESA's ambitious star-mapper mission due for launch late-2011, will provide multi-epoch micro-arcsecond astrometric and milli-magnitude photometric data for the brightest one billion objects in the sky, down to at least magnitude 20. Spectroscopic data will simultaneously be collected for the subset of the brightest 100 million stars, down to about magnitude 17. This massive data volume will allow astronomers to reconstruct the structure, evolution and formation history of the Milky Way. It will also revolutionize studies of the solar system and stellar physics and will contribute to diverse research areas, ranging from extra-solar planets to general relativity.Underlying Gaia's scientific harvest will lie in a Catalogue, built on the fundamental space-based measurements. During the 5-year nominal operational lifetime, Gaia's payload, with its CCD mosaic containing 1 billion pixels, will autonomously detect all objects of interest and observe them throughout their passage of the focal plane. This paper discusses the workings of the Gaia instrument, details its payload, and discusses in depth how the scientific measurements will be collected. It addresses issues like maintenance of the scanning law, on-board data processing, the detection and confirmation of objects (single and multiple stars), the detection and rejection of cosmic rays and solar protons, the fundamental science measurements themselves composed of windows of CCD samples (pixels), and special strategies employed to maximize the science return for moving (i.e., solar-system) objects. The paper also explains how an on-board priority scheme will ensure catalogue completeness down to the faintest magnitudes possible, despite the limited ground-station availability and the enormous data volume that will be sent to the ground.