Stable expressions with the color adjective orange in the Russian language of the 20th century

The article presents a structural and semantic analysis of stable expressions of the 20th century with the adjective orange, many of which are based on metaphorical and associative-symbolic use of their constituent components. Among the ways of the author's transformation of such lexical units, the authors note the addition and replacement of significant parts of speech with other forms of the same word or synonyms, as well as a change in the location of the components of the expression in relation to each other, which not only does not destroy the idiom, but, on the contrary, intensifies its meaning. The evolution of the original meaning of expressions with the color adjective orange is shown, which is due to the change (expansion) of the circle of nouns combined with the adjective, the implication of evaluation, the formation of new synonymous links with metaphor. Particular attention is paid to stable expressions with political significance, the largest number of which began to appear since 2013 in connection with political events taking place in Ukraine, where orange was chosen for the symbols of the Ukrainian opposition. The development of negative connotations in the expression orange revolution is explained by the corresponding semantic potential of the adjective orange itself, for which semes with negative connotations are productive in speech. The expansion of the compatibility of the adjective orange in modern Russian has led to the emergence of new meanings for the adjectival. Using examples extracted from the newspaper subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language, representing a collection of texts of printed newspapers and electronic agencies of the 2000s, it is shown that the use of stable expressions with the color adjective orange reflects the tendency characteristic of the development of the modern Russian language to expressivize the written text in connection with the formation of an evaluative statement capable of conveying the attitude of a journalist to social, cultural, political events. At the same time, the expressed social axiological assessment performs various functions in the text: from attracting attention and overcoming the standard to manipulating the consciousness of the mass reader.

EXPRESSING SPEECH ACT OF DISAGREEMENT AT DIFFERENT LANGUAGE LEVELS

The problem of revealing and systematizing the features of expressing disagreement repeatedly is still at the center of linguistic research.The current article investigates the speech act of disagreement in the framework of Speech Act Theory and its realization with the help of linguistic means (lexical, grammatical, phraseological and stylistic). Speech act of disagreement is act which combines all types of negative reaction:refutation, objection, judgment, disapproval, and dissatisfaction. It is an informative, imperative or evaluative statement and has a certain realization through various means of expression. Using these means in a particular communication depends on the intentions of the speaker, on the nature of the replica stimulus, and on the peculiarities of speech situations.

First Steps in Philosophical Taxonomy

A.N. Prior once showed that on certain apparently reasonable assumptions, a thesis sometimes associated with the name of Hume to the effect that no set of factual statements can ever entail an evaluative statement (call this principle ‘H’), is quite untenable. We assume only that there is at least one statement of each kind, and that the negation of a factual statement (evaluative statement) is factual (evaluative, respectively) — a principle we may call ‘N'. Now consider the disjunction F V E of some factual with some evaluative statement. Since the disjunction is entailed by F, a factual statement, it must, if principle H is correct, be classified as factual. But by N, ∽ F is also factual, and this together with F V E entails E, thus violating H since E was exhypothesi an evaluative statement.