An Efficient Design for Area-Efficient Truncated Adaptive Booth Multiplier for Signal Processing Applications

In digital signal processing (DSP), the most valuable elements of processing architecture are multiplier. The conventional partial products array is to create extra rows and columns. Generally, the fixed multiplication products are truncated to [Formula: see text] bits. In this paper, we introduced an adaptive booth multiplier concept, which is based on truncated multiplication procedure. The extra partial product array is to create the complexities. In the higher order of partial product array, the deletion of LSB and the nongeneration of initial products are achieved. We added compensation bits at the appropriate retained bit position to minimize the error due to nongeneration and omission. Here, our proposed work is used to reduce the overhead and the complexity of partial product array. The proposed concept architecture is implemented in Verilog HDL software; also the design of RTL is manufactured. For experimental work, the bit multiplication of [Formula: see text] with 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 bits is used. The proposed method of truncated based adaptive booth encoding has shown the lower value results of area, delay and power consumption. The error performances are executed by various error normalizations. Finally, the proposed concept performance is checked with various state-of-art multiplier methodologies such as carry width multiplier, Vedic multiplier, voltage-mode multiplier and Wallace multiplier. In every bit value, the proposed booth encoding multiplier delivers better and optimal performance result.

Effect of Agency Banking Operation on Profitability of Commercial Banks: A Case Of Selected Commercial Banks in Nairobi County

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of agency banking operation on profitability of commercial banks.Materials and methods: The research design used for this study was descriptive design. The target population will be all eleven commercial banks offering agency banking. The study will conduct a census for all the banks. Data will be collected by use of a questionnaire and secondary data. Data will be analyzed mainly by use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics will include mean and standard deviation. Data will also be presented by use of graphs, pie charts and tables.Multiple regression models will be useful to find out the virtual importance of each of the four variables.Results: From the study finding agency banking branch networking is negative and a statistically insignificant factor of bank profitability. Effect of agency banking withdrawal transaction is positive and statistically significant. Agency banking deposit transactions is statistically significant. Agency banking accounts opening services is also a statistically significant factor, Commercial banks performance indicators is a statistically significant factor of bank profitability. It is possible to conclude that banks do obtain economies of scale and scope when they expand their activities, mainly by mergers and acquisitions. Therefore,expanded product array and potential for cross selling result from larger size and depth of product offering.Recommendations: The study recommends that for all the commercial banks to earn more profit they ought to increase the number of customers and for their businesses to grow further they have to invest more as well as embrace the adoption of market innovative strategies.The study also recommends that the banks should emphasize on cross-selling as they can be useful marketing tools for banks to reach segments of the population that do not yet use traditional banking services.Key words: agency banking operation, profitability, commercial banks